Addiction research has become increasingly focused on how addictive drugs affect neural signaling within the brain's reward circuitry. New work shows that the frustration of not receiving drugs when they are expected can also affect the inner workings of reward circuits.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$209.00 per year
only $17.42 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Nestler, E.J. Molecular neurobiology of addiction. Am. J. Addict. 10, 201–217 (2001).
Berke, J.D. & Hyman, S.E. Addiction, dopamine, and the molecular mechanisms of memory. Neuron 25, 515–532 (2000).
Sutton, M.A. et al. Extinction-induced upregulation in AMPA receptors reduces cocaine-seeking behaviour. Nature 42, 70–75 (2003).
Grimm, J.W., Hope, B.T., Wise, R.A. & Shaham, Y. Incubation of cocaine craving during withdrawal. Nature 412, 141–142 (2001).
Carlezon, W.A. Jr. & Wise, R.A. Rewarding actions of phencyclidine and related drugs in nucleus accumbens shell and frontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 16, 3112–3122 (1996).
Carlezon, W.A. Jr. Nestler, E.J. & Neve, R.L. Viral-mediated gene transfer as a tool for neuropsychiatric research. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 14, 47–68 (2000).
Schultz, W. Getting formal with dopamine and reward. Neuron 36, 241–263 (2002).
Kelz, M.B. et al. Expression of the transcription factor ΔFosB in the brain controls sensitivity to cocaine. Nature 401, 272–276 (1999).
Pliakas, A.M. et al. Altered responsiveness to cocaine and increased immobility in the forced swim test associated with elevated cAMP response element binding protein in nucleus accumbens. J. Neurosci. 21, 7397–7403 (2001).
Stewart, J. & Wise, R.A. Reinstatement of heroin self-administration habits: Morphine prompts and naltrexone discourages renewed responding after extinction. Psychopharmacology 108, 79–84 (1992).
Amsel, A. & Roussel, J. Motivational properties of frustration: I. Effect on a running response of the addition of frustration to the motivational complex. J. Exp. Psychol. 43, 363–368 (1952).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Carlezon, W., Wise, R. Unmet expectations: The brain minds. Nat Med 9, 15–16 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0103-15
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0103-15