Abstract
The conserved PIK-related kinase Rad3 is required for all DNA-integrity-checkpoint responses in fission yeast. Here we report a stable association between Rad3 and Rad26 in soluble protein extracts. Rad26 shows Rad3-dependent phosphorylation after DNA damage. Unlike phosphorylation of Hus1, Crb2/Rhp9, Cds1 and Chk1, phosphorylation of Rad26 does not require other known checkpoint proteins. Rad26 phosphorylation is the first biochemical marker of Rad3 function, indicating that Rad3-related checkpoint kinases may have a direct role in DNA-damage recognition.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$209.00 per year
only $17.42 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Carr, A. M. Control of cell cycle arrest by the Mec1sc/Rad3sp DNA structure checkpoint pathway. Curr. Opin. Genet.Dev. 7, 93–98 (1997).
Elledge, S. J. Cell cycle checkpoints: preventing an identity crisis. Science 274, 1664–1672 ( 1996).
Matsuoka, S., Huang, M. & Elledge, S. J. Linkage of ATM to cell cycle regulation by the Chk2 protein kinase. Science 282, 1893– 1897 (1998).
Hoekstra, M. F. Responses to DNA damage and regulation of cell cycle checkpoints by the ATM protein kinase family. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev 7, 170–175 (1997).
Savitsky, K. et al. A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI 3-kinase. Science 268, 1749– 1753 (1995).
Wright, J. A. et al. Protein kinase mutants of human ATR increase sensitivity to UV and ionizing radiation and abrogate cell cycle checkpoint control. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 7445– 7450 (1998).
Cliby, W. A. et al. Overexpression of a kinase-inactive ATR protein causes sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents and defects in cell cycle checkpoints. EMBO J. 17, 159–169 ( 1998).
Tibbetts, R. S. et al. A role for ATR in the DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of p53. Genes Dev. 13, 153– 157 (1999).
Desany, B. A., Alcasabas, A. A., Bachant, J. B. & Elledge, S. J. Recovery from DNA replicational stress is the essential function of the S-phase checkpoint pathway. Genes Dev. 12, 2956– 2970 (1998).
Zhao, X., Muller, E. G. & Rothstein, R. A suppressor of two essential checkpoint genes identifies a novel protein that negatively affects dNTP pools. Mol. Cell 2, 329–340 (1998).
Weinert, T. A., Kiser, G. L. & Hartwell, L. H. Mitotic checkpoint genes in budding yeast and the dependence of mitosis on DNA replication and repair. Genes Dev. 8, 652–665 ( 1994).
Greenwell, P. W. et al. TEL1, a gene involved in controlling telomere length in S. cerevisiae, is homologous to the human ataxia telangiectasia gene. Cell 82, 823–829 (1995).
Morrow, D. M., Tagle, D. A., Shiloh, Y., Collins, F. S. & Hieter, P. TEL1, an S. cerevisiae homologue of the human gene mutated in ataxia telangiectasia, is functionally related to the yeast checkpoint gene MEC1. Cell 82, 831– 840 (1995).
Bentley, N. J. et al. The Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad3 checkpoint gene . EMBO J. 15, 6641–6651 (1996).
Naito, T., Matsuura, A. & Ishikawa, F. Circular chromosome formation in a fission yeast mutant defective in two ATM homologues. Nature Genet. 2, 203–206 (1998).
Griffiths, D. J. F. & Carr, A. M. in DNA Repair in Prokaryates and Lower Eukaryotes Vol. 1 (eds Nickoloff, J. A. & Hoekstra, M. F.) 449–475 (Humana, Totowa, 1998).
Critchlow, S. E. & Jackson, S. P. DNA end-joining: from yeast to man. Trends Biochem. Sci. 23, 394–398 (1998).
Lydall, D. & Weinert, T. Yeast checkpoint genes in DNA damage processing: implications for repair and arrest. Science 270, 1488–1491 (1995).
de la Torre-Ruiz, M. A., Green, C. M. & Lowndes, N. F. RAD9 and RAD24 define two additive, interacting branches of the DNA damage checkpoint pathway in budding yeast normally required for Rad53 modification and activation. EMBO J. 17, 2687–2698 (1998).
Murray, J. M., Lindsay, H. D., Munday, C. A. & Carr, A. M. Role of Schizosaccharomyces pombe RecQ homolog, recombination, and checkpoint genes in UV damage tolerance. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17, 6868–6875 (1997).
Lindsay, H. D. et al. S-phase specific activation of Cds1 kinase defines a subpathway of the checkpoint response in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genes Dev. 12, 382–395 ( 1998).
Martinho, R. G. et al. Analysis of Rad3 and Chk1 protein kinases defines different checkpoint responses. EMBO J. 17, 7239– 7249 (1998).
Al-Khodairy, F. et al. Identification and characterisation of new elements involved in checkpoints and feedback controls in fission yeast. Mol. Biol. Cell 5, 147–160 ( 1994).
Kostrub, C., Knudsen, K., Subramani, S. & Enoch, T. Hus1p, a conserved fission yeast checkpoint protein, interacts with Rad1p and is phosphorylated in response to DNA damage. EMBO J. 17, 2055–2066 (1998).
Walworth, N. & Bernards, R. rad-dependent responses of the chk1-encoded protein kinase at the DNA damage checkpoint. Science 271, 353–356 ( 1996).
Saka, Y., Esashi, F., Matsusaka, T., Mochida, S. & Yanagida, M. Damage and replication checkpoint control in fission yeast is ensured by interactions of Crb2, a protein with BRCT motif, with Cut5 and Chk1. Genes Dev. 11, 3387–3400 (1997).
Lydall, D. & Weinert, T. G2/M checkpoint genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: further evidence for roles in DNA replication and/or repair . Mol. Gen. Genet. 256, 638– 651 (1997).
Garvik, B., Carson, M. & Hartwell, L. Single-stranded DNA arising at telomeres in cdc13 mutants may constitute a specific signal for the RAD9 checkpoint . Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 6128– 6138 (1995).
Francesconi, S., Grenon, M., Bouvier, D. & Baldacci, G. p56chk1 protein kinase is required for the DNA replication checkpoint at 37 °C in fission yeast. EMBO J. 16, 1332–1341 (1997).
Gutz, H., Heslot, H., Leupold, U. & Loprieno, N. in Handbook of Genetics Vol. 1 (ed. King, R. C.) 395–446 (Plenum, New York, 1974).
Craven, R. A. et al. Vectors for the expression of tagged proteins in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Gene 221, 59– 68 (1998).
Murray, J. M. et al. Cloning and characterisation of the S. pombe rad15 gene, a homologue to the S. cerevisiae RAD3 and human ERCC2 genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 20, 2673–2678 (1992).
Bahler, J. et al. Heterologous modules for efficient and versatile PCR-based gene targeting in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Yeast 14, 943–951 (1998).
Santocanale, C. & Diffley, J. F. A Mec1- and Rad53-dependent checkpoint controls late-firing origins of DNA replication . Nature 395, 615–618 (1998).
Acknowledgements
We thank T. Caspari for discussions and the ICOS Corporation for financial assistance. This work was supported in part by Euratom contract F14PCT950010.
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to A.M.C.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Edwards, R., Bentley, N. & Carr, A. A Rad3–Rad26 complex responds to DNA damage independently of other checkpoint proteins. Nat Cell Biol 1, 393–398 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/15623
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/15623
This article is cited by
-
Linking the organization of DNA replication with genome maintenance
Current Genetics (2019)
-
S-phase checkpoint regulations that preserve replication and chromosome integrity upon dNTP depletion
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (2017)
-
Hyphal differentiation induced via a DNA damage checkpoint-dependent pathway engaged in crosstalk with nutrient stress signaling in Schizosaccharomyces japonicus
Current Genetics (2012)
-
Targeting p53 for enhanced radio- and chemo-sensitivity
Apoptosis (2009)