Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Review Article
  • Published:

Replication of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Strategies for Inhibition

Abstract

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been implicated as the etiological agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and related disorders. Much current research effort is aimed at elucidating the structural features of HIV particles and the molecular mechanisms of viral replication. Importantly, cellular factors involved in the regulation of HIV gene expression are also being investigated. These combined efforts should provide a better understanding of AIDS pathogenesis, and contribute to the development of anti-HIV pharmaceuticals.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Fauci, A.S. 1988. The human immunodeficiency virus: Infectivity and mechanisms of pathogenesis. Science 239:617–622.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ho, D.D., Pomerantzk, R.J., and Kaplan, J.C. 1987. Pathogenesis of infection with human immunodeficiency virus. N. Engl. J. Med. 317:278–286.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Robert-Guroff, M., Brown, M., and Gallo, R. 1985. HTLV-III-neutralizing antibodies in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. Nature 316:72–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Weiss, R., Clapham, P.R., Cheingsong-Popov, R., Dalgleish, A.G., Carne, C.A., Weller, I.V.D., and Tedder, R.S. 1985. Neutralization of human T-lymphotropic virus type III by sera of AIDS and AIDS-risk patients. Nature 316:69–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Rook, A.H., Lane, H.C., Folks, T., McCoy, S., Alter, H., and Fauci, A.S. 1987. Sera from HTLV-III/LAV antibody-positive individuals mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against HTLV-III/ LAV-infected T cells. J. Immunol. 138:1064–1067.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Alizon, M., Wain-Hobson, S., Montagnier, L., and Sonigo, P. 1986. Genetic variability of the AIDS virus: nucleotide sequence analysis of two isolates from African patients. Cell 46:63–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Modrow, S., Hahn, B.H., Shaw, G.M., Gallo, R.C., Wong-Staal, F., and Wolf, H. 1987. Computer-assisted analysis of envelope protein sequences of seven human immunodeficiency virus isolates: Prediction of antigenic epitopes in conserved and variable regions. J. Virol. 61:570–578.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Salk, J. 1987. Prospects for the control of AIDS by immunizing seropositive individuals. Nature 327:473–476.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. AmFar Directory of Experimental Treatments for AIDS and ARC. 1987. Eds: Abrams, D., Gottlieb, M., Grieco, M., Speer, M., and Bernstein, S. (Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.).

  10. Mitsuya, H., and Broder. S., 1987. Strategies for antiviral therapy in AIDS. Nature 325:773–778.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Surbone, A., Yarchoan, R., McAtee, N., Blum, R., Maha, M., Allain, J.-P., Thomas, R.V., Mitsuya, H., Lehrman, S.N., Leuther, M., Pluda, J.M., Jacobsen, F.K., Kessler, H.A., Myers, C.E. and Broder, S. 1988. Treatment of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex with a regimen of 3′-azido-2′, 3′-dideoxythymidine (azidothymidine or zidovudine) and Acyclovir. Annals of Int. Med. 108:534–540.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Fischl, M.A., Richman, D.D., Grieco, M.H., Gottlieb, M.S., Volberding, P.A., Laskin, O.L., Leedom, J.M., Groopman, J.E., Mildvan, D., Schooley, R.T., Jackson, G.G., Durack, D.T., Phil, D., King, D., and AZT Collaborative Working Group. 1987. The Efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. N. Engl. J. Med. 317:185–191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Jackson, G.G., Paul, D.A., Falk, L.A., Rubenis, M., Despotes, J.C., Mack, D., Knigge, M., and Emeson, E.E. 1988. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigenemia (p24) in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the effect of treatment with Zidovudine (AZT). Annals of Int. Med. 108:175–180.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wiley, C.A., Schrier, R.D., Nelson, J.A., Lampert, P.W., and Oldstone, M.B.A. 1986. Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brains of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83:7089–7093.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Loenig, S., Gendelman, J.E., Orenstein, J.M., DalCanto, M.C., Pezeshkpour, G.H., Yungbluth, P., Janotta, F., Aksamit, A., Martin, M., and Fauci, A.S. 1986. Detection of AIDS virus in macrophages in brain tissue from AIDS patients with encephalopathy. Science 233:1089–1093.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Sattentau, Q.J. and Weiss, R.A., 1988. The CD4 antigen: Physiological ligand and HIV receptor. Cell 52:631–633.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Chen, I.S.Y. 1986. Regulation of AIDS expression. Cell 47:1–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Muesing, M.A., Smith, D.H., Cabradilla, C.D., Benton, C.V., Lasky, L.A., and Capon, D.J. 1985. Nucleic acid structure and expression of the human AIDS/lymphadenopathy retrovirus. Nature 313:450–458.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. McDougal, J.S., Mawle, A., Cort, S.P., Nicholson, J.K.A., Cross, G.D., Scheppler-Campbell, J.A., Hicks, D., and Sligh, J. 1985. Cellular tropism of the human retrovirus HTLV-III/LAV. J. Immunol 135:3151–3167.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Folks, T., Kelley, J., Benn, S., Linter, A., Justement, J., Gold, J., Redfeied, R., Sell, K.W., and Fauci, A. 1986. Susceptibility of normal human lymphocytes to infection with HTLV-III/LAV. J. Immunol. 136:4049–4053.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Nabel, G. and Baltimore, D. 1987. An inducible transcription factor activates expression of human immunodeficiency virus in T cells. Nature 326:711–713.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Tong-Starksen, S.E., Luciw, P.A., and Peterlin, B.M. 1987. The HIV LTR responds to T-cell activation signals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84:6845–6849.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Peterlin, B.M., Calman, A.F., Kao, S.Y., Selby, M., Tong-Starksen, S., and Luciw, P.A. 1988. Activation and trans-activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. In: The Control of Human Retrovirus Gene Expression. Eds: Franza, B. R., Cullen, B. R., and Wong-Staal, F. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Peterlin, B.M., Luciw, P.A., Barr, P.J., and Walker, M.D. 1986. Elevated Levels of mRNA can account for the transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83:9734–9738.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Hauber, J. and Cullen, B.R. 1988. Mutational analysis of the trans-activation-responsive region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat. J. Virol. 62:673–679.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Muesing, M.A., Smith, D.H., and Capon, D.J. 1987. Regulation of mRNA accumulation by a human immunodeficiency virus transactivator protein. Cell 48:691–701.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Sodroski, J., Goh, W.C., Rosen, C., Dayton, A., Terwilliger, E., and Haseltine, W. 1986. A second post-transcriptional trans-activator gene required for HTLV-III replication. Nature 321:412–417.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Feinberg, M.B., Jarrett, R.F., Adlovini, A., Gallo, R.C., and Wong-Staal, F. 1986. HTLV-III expression and production involve complex regulation at the levels of splicing and translation of viral RNA Cell 46:807–817.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Robey, W.G., Safai, B., Oroszlan, S., Arthur, L.O., Gonda, M.A., Fallo, R.C., and Fischinger, P.J. 1985. Characterization of envelope and core structural gene products of HTLV-III with sera from AIDS patients. Science 228:593–595.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Veronese, R., DeVico, A., Copeland, T., Oroszlan, S., Gallo, R., Sarngadharan, M. 1985. Characterization of gp41 as the transmembrane protein coded by the HTLV-III/LAV envelope gene. Science 229:1402–1405.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Laskey, L.A., Nakamura, G., Smith, J.H., Fennie, C., Shimosaki, L., Patzer, E., Berman, P., Gregory, T., and Capon, D.J. 1987. Delineation of a region of the human immunodeficiency virus type1 (HIV-1) gp120 glycoprotein critical for interaction with the CD4 receptor. Cell 50:975–985.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Kowalski, M., Potz, J., Basiripiur, L., Dorfman, T., Goh, W.C., Terwilliger, E., Dayton, A., Rosen, C., Haseltine, W., and Sodroski, J. Functional regions of the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Science 237:1351–1355.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. McDougal, J., Nicholson, J., Cross, G., Cort, S., Kennedy, M., and Mawle, A. 1986. Binding of the human retrovirus HTLV-III/LAV/ARV/HIV to the CD4 (T4) molecule: Conformation, dependence, epitode mapping, antibody inhibition and potential for idiotypic Mimicry. J. Immunol. 137:2937–2944.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Gruters, R.A., Neefjes, J.J., Tersmette, M. deGoede, R.E.Y. Tulp, A. Huisman, H.G. Miedema, F. and Ploegh, H.L. 1987. Interference with HIV-induced syncytium formation and viral infectivity by inhibitors of trimming glucosidase. Nature 330:74–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Walker, B.D., Kowalski, M., Goh, W.C., Kozarsky, K., Krieger, M., Rosen, D., Rohrschneider, L., Haseltine, W.A. and Sodroski, J. 1987. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus syncytium formation and virus replication by castanospermine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:8120–8124.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Smith, D.H., Byrn, R.A., Marsters, S.A., Gregory, T., Groopman, J.E., and Capon, D.J. 1987. Blocking of HIV-1 infectivity by a soluble, secreted form of the CD4 antigen. Science 238:1704–1707.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Fisher, R.A., Bertonis, J.M., Meier, W., Johnson, V.A., Costopoulos, D.S., Liu, T., Tizard, R., Walker, B.D., Hirsch, M.S., Schooley, R.T., and Flavell, R.A. 1988. HIV infection is blocked in vitro by recombinant soluble CD4. Nature 331:76–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Hussey, R.E., Richardson, N.E., Kowalski, M., Brown, N.R., Chang, H.-C., Siliciano, R.F., Dorfman, T., Walker, B., Sodroski, J., and Reinherz, E.L. 1988. A soluble CD4 protein selectively inhibits HIV replication and syncytium formation. Nature 331:76–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Deen, K.C., McDougal, J.S., Inacker, R., Folena-Wasserman, G., Arthos, J., Rosenberg, J., Maddon, P.J., Axel, R., and Sweet, R.W. 1988. A Soluble form of CD4 (T4) protein inhibits AIDS virus infection. Nature 331:82–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Traunecker, A., Luke, W., and Karjalainen, K. 1988. Soluble CD4 molecules neutralize human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Nature 331:84–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Gonzalez-Scarano, F., Waxham, M.N., Ross, A.M., and Hoxie, J.A. 1987. Sequence similarities between human immunodeficiency virus gp41 and paramyxovirus fusion proteins. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 3:245–252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Richardson, C.D. and Choppin, P.W. 1983. Oligopeptides that specifically inhibit membrane fusion by paramyxoviruese: studies on the site of action. Virology 131:518–532.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Fung, M.S.C., Sun, C., Sun, N-C., Chang, N.T., and Chang, T.W., 1987. Monoclonal antibodies that neutralize HIV-1 virions and inhibit syncytium formation by infected cells. Bio/Technology 5:940–946.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Dickson, C., Eisenman, R., Fan, H., Hunter, E. and Teich, N. 1982. Protein biosynthesis and assembly, p. 513–648. In: Molecular Biology of Tumor Viruses-RNA Tumor Viruses. Weiss, R., Teich, N., Varmus, H., and Coffin, J. (Eds). Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Wain-Hobson, S., Sonigo, P., Danos, O., Cole, S. and Alizon, M. 1985. Nucleotide sequence of the AIDS virus, LAV. Cell 40:9–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Ratner, L., Haseltine, W., Patarca, R., Livak, J., Starcich, B., Josephs, S.F., Doran, E.R., Rarlaski, J.A., Whitehorn, E.A., Baumeister, K., Ivanoff, L., Petteway Jr., S.R., Pearson, M.L., Lautenberger, J.A., Papas, T.S., Ghrayeb, J., Chang, N.T., Gallo, R.C., and Wong-Staal, F. 1985. Complete nucleotide sequence of the AIDS virus, HTLV-III. Nature 313:277–284.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Sanchez-Pescador, R., Power, M.D., Barr, P.J., Steimer, K.S., Stempien, M.M., Brown-Shimer, S.L., Gee, W.W., Renara, A., Randolph Levy, J.A., Dina, D. and Luciw, P.A. 1985. Nucleotide sequence and expression of an AlDS-associated retrovirus (ARV-2). Science 227:484–492.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Jacks, T., Power, M.D., Masiarz, F.R., Luciw, P.A., Barr, P.J., and Varmus, H.E. 1987. Characterization of ribosomal frameshifting in HIV-1 gag-pol expression. Nature 331:280–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Varmus, H. and Swanstrom, R. 1982. Replication of retroviruses. p. 369–512. In: Molecular Biology of Tumor Viruses-RNA Tumor Viruses. Weiss, R., Teich, N., Varmus, H., and Coffin, J., (Eds) Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Katoh, I., Yasunaga, T., Ikawa, Y., and Yoshinaka, Y. 1987. Inhibition of retroviral protease activity by an aspartyl proteinase inhibitor. Nature 329:654–656.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Debouck, C., Gorniak, J.G., Strickler, J.E., Meek, T.D., Metcalf, B.W. and Rosenberg, M. 1987. Human immunodeficiency virus protease expressed in Escherichia coli exhibits autoprocessing and specific maturation of the gag precursor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84:8903–8906.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Graves, M.C., Lim, J.J., Heimer, E.P., and Kramer, R.A. 1988. An 11-kDa form of human immunodeficiency virus protease expressed in Escherichia coli is sufficient for enzymatic activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85:2449–2453.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Tanese, N., Sodroski, J., Haseltine, W.A., and Goff, S.P. 1986. Expression of reverse transcriptase activity of human T-lymphotropic virus Type III in Escherichia coli. J. Virol. 59:743–745.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Framerie, W.G., Loeb, D.H., Casavant, N.C., Hutchison, C.A., Edgell, M.H., and Swanstrom, R. Expression and processing of the AIDS virus reverse transcriptase in Escherichia coli. Science 236:305–308.

  55. Barr, P.J., Power, M.D., Lee-Ng, C.T., Gibson, H.L., and Luciw, P.A. 1987. Expression of active human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase in Sacchromyces cerevisiae. Bio/Technology 5:486–489.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Clapham, P.R., Weiss, R.A., Dalgleish, A.G., Exley, M., Shitby, D., and Hogg, N. 1987. Human immunodeficiency virus infection of monocytic and T-lymphocytic cells: Receptor modulation and differentiation induced by phorbol ester. Virology 158:44–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Siekevitz, M., Josephs, S.F., Dukovich, M., Peffer, N., Wong-Staal, F., and Greene, W.C. 1987. Activation of the HIV-1 LTR by T cell mitogens and the trans-activator protein of HTLV-I. Science 238:1575–1578.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Garcia, J.A., Wu, F.K., Mitsuya,, and Gaynor, R.B. 1987. Interactions of cellular proteins involved in the transcriptional regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus. EMBO Journal 6:3761–3770.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Jones, K.A., Luciw, P.A., and Duchange, N. 1988. Structural arrangements of transcription control domains within the 5′ untranslated leader regions of the HIV-1 and HIV-2 promoters. Genes and Development. In press.

  60. Dayton, A.I., Sodroski, J.G., Rosen, C.A., Goh, W.C., and Haseltine, W.A. 1986. The trans-activator gene of the human T cell lymphotropic virus type III is Required for Replication. Cell 44:941–947.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Fisher, A.G., Feinberg, M.B., Josephs, S.F., Harper, M.E., Marselle, L.M., Teyes, G., Gonda, M.A., Aldovini, A., Debouk, C., Gallo, R.C. and Wong-Staal, F. 1986. The trans-activator gene of HTLV-III is essential for virus replication. Nature 320:367–369.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kao, S.Y., Calman, A.F., Luciw, P.A., and Peterlin, B.M. 1987. HIV-1 transactivator (tat) regulates transcriptional elongation within the HIV-1 long terminal repeat. Nature 330:489–493.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Frankel, A.D., Bredt, D.S., and Pabo, C.O. 1988. Tat protein from human immunodeficiency virus forms a metal-linked dimer. Science 240:70–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Matsukura, M., Shinozuka, K., Zon, G., Mitsuya, H., Reitz, M., Cohen, J.S. and Broder, S. 1987. Phosphorothioate analogs of oligodeoxynucleotides: Inhibitors of replication and cytopathic effects of human immunodeficiency virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84:7706–7710.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Wilson, J.M., Jefferson, D.M., Chowdhury, J.R., Novikoff, P.M., Johnston, D.E. and Mulligan, R.C. 1988. Retrovirus-mediated transduction of adult hepatocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85:3014–3018.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Rosen, C.A., Terwilliger, E., Dayton, A., Sodroski, J.G., and Haseltine, W.A. 1988. Intragenic cis-acting art gene-responsive sequences of the human immunodeficiency virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85:2071–2075.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Sadaie, M.R., Benter, T., and Wong-staal, F. 1988. Site-directed mutagenesis of two trans-regulatory genes (tat-III, trs) of HIV-1. Science 239:910–913.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Quinn, T.C., Piot, P., McCormick, J.B., Feinsod, F.M., Taelman, H., Kapita, B., Stevens, W., and Fauci, A.S. 1987. Serologic and immunologic studies in patients with AIDS in North America and Africa. JAMA 257:2617–2621.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Gendelman, H.E., Phelps, W., Deigenbaum, L., Ostrove, J.M., Adachi, A., Howley, P.M., Khoury, G., Ginsberg, H.S., and Martin, M.A. 1986. Trans-activaton of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat sequence by DNA viruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83:9759–9763.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Mosca, J.D., Bednarik, D.P., Raj, N.B.K., Rosen, C.A., Sodroski, J.G., Haseltine, W.A., and Pitha, P.M. 1987. Herpes simplex virus type-1 can reactivate transcription of latent human immunodeficiency virus. Nature 325:67–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Rando, R.F., Pellett, P.E., Luciw, P.A., Bohan, C.A., and Srinivasin, A. 1987. Transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus by Herpesviruses. Oncogene 1:13–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Seto, E., Peterlin, B.M., Yen, B., and Ou, J. unpublished observations.

  73. Schrier, R.D., Nelson, J.A., and Oldstone, M.B.A. 1985. Detection of human cytomegalovirus in peripheral blood lymphocytes in a natural infection. Science 230:1048–1051.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Einhorn, L. and Ost, A. 1984. Cytomegalovirus infection of human blood cells. J. Infed. Dis. 149:207–214.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Letvin, N.L., Daniel, M.D., Sehgal, P.K., Desrosiers, R.C., Hunt, R.D., Waldron, L.M., Maskey, J.J., Schmidt, D.K., Chalifoux, L.V. and King, N.W. 1985. Induction of AIDS-like disease in Macaque monkeys with T-cell tropic retrovirus STLV-III. Science 230:71–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Gardner, M.B., Luciw, P.A., Lerche, N., and Marx, P. 1987. Non-human primate retrovirus isolates and AIDS In: Immunodeficiency Disorders and Retroviruses. Perk, K. (Ed.) Acad. Press, Orlando, Fl. p. 171–226.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Peterlin, B., Luciw, P. Replication of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Strategies for Inhibition. Nat Biotechnol 6, 794–799 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0788-794

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0788-794

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing