Abstract
Genetic diversity related to the human immune response is a key factor in individual and population survival throughout human history. Population diversity in disease susceptibility and resistance have been identified and linked to differences in cytokine mRNA and protein expression levels. Polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of cytokine genes can influence gene transcription levels and they have been associated with susceptibility to, and/or severity of, autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, meningococcus and sepsis. It is reported here that in two study populations, Canadian Aboriginal individuals have a higher frequency of cytokine single-nucleotide polymorphisms favouring a low production of TNFα, IFNγ and IL-10 and high production of IL-6 as compared to a Caucasian population. We postulate that the evolution of this unique cytokine genotype profile may be linked to the Aboriginal adaptation to selection pressures related to an environment in which helminthic, parasitic and fungal infections predominated.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 6 digital issues and online access to articles
$119.00 per year
only $19.83 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Smeja C, Brassard P . Tuberculosis infection in an Aboriginal (First Nations) population of Canada. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000; 4: 925.
FitzGerald M, Wang L, Elwood RK . Tuberculosis: 13. Control of the disease among Aboriginal people in Canada. Can Med Assoc J 2000; 162: 351.
Canada H . Tuberculosis in First Nations Communities, 1999. Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada: Ottawa, 1999.
Meissner HC . Selected populations at increased risk from respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003; 22 (Suppl): 40.
Banerji A, Bell A, Mills E et al. Lower respiratory tract infections in Inuit infants on Baffin Island. Can Med Assoc J 2001; 164: 1847.
Welliver R . Respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003; 22 (Suppl): 6.
Grzybowski S, Allen E . Tuberculosis: 2. History of the disease in Canada. Can Med Assoc J 1999; 160: 1025.
Trimble M . Epidemiology on the Northern Plains: a Cultural Perspective. University of Missouri: Columbia, 1985.
Waldram J, Herring DA, Young TK . Aboriginal Health in Canada: Historical, Cultural, and Epidemiological Perspectives. University of Toronto Press: Toronto, 1995.
Scharton-Kersten TM, Wynn TA, Denkers EY et al. In the absence of endogenous IFN-gamma, mice develop unimpaired IL-12 responses to Toxoplasma gondii while failing to control acute infection. J Immunol 1996; 157: 4045.
Reiner SL, Locksley RM . The regulation of immunity to Leishmania major. Annu Rev Immunol 1995; 13: 151.
Nishikomori R, Gurunathan S, Nishikomori K, Strober W . BALB/c mice bearing a transgenic IL-12 receptor beta 2 gene exhibit a nonhealing phenotype to Leishmania major infection despite intact IL-12 signaling. J Immunol 2001; 166: 6776.
Von Stebut E, Ehrchen JM, Belkaid Y et al. Interleukin 1alpha promotes Th1 differentiation and inhibits disease progression in Leishmania major-susceptible BALB/c mice. J Exp Med 2003; 198: 191.
Nagabhushanam V, Solache A, Ting LM, Escaron CJ, Zhang JY, Ernst JD . Innate inhibition of adaptive immunity: Mycobacterium tuberculosis—induced IL-6 inhibits macrophage responses to IFN-gamma. J Immunol 2003; 171: 4750.
Kwok P, Chen X . Detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2003; 5: 43.
Louis E, Franchimont D, Piron A et al. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) gene polymorphism influences TNF-alpha production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated whole blood cell culture in healthy humans. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 113: 401.
Wilson AG, Symons JA, McDowell TL, McDevitt HO, Duff GW . Effects of a polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter on transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 3195.
Kroeger KM, Carville KS, Abraham LJ . The −308 tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphism effects transcription. Mol Immunol 1997; 34: 391.
Allen RD . Polymorphism of the human TNF-alpha promoter—random variation or functional diversity? Mol Immunol 1999; 36: 1017.
Turner DM, Williams DM, Sankaran D et al. An investigation of polymorphism in the interleukin-10 gene promoter. Eur J Immunogenet 1997; 24: 1–8.
Pravica V, Perrey C, Stevens A, Lee JH, Hutchinson IV . A single nucleotide polymorphism in the first intron of the human IFN-gamma gene: absolute correlation with a polymorphic CA microsatellite marker of high IFN-gamma production. Hum Immunol 2000; 61: 863.
Fishman D, Faulds G, Jeffery R et al. The effect of novel polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma IL-6 levels, and an association with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 1369.
Terry CF, Loukaci V, Green FR . Cooperative influence of genetic polymorphisms on interleukin-6 transcriptional regulation. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 18138.
Pravica V, Asderakis A, Perrey C, Hajeer A, Sinnott PJ, Hutchinson I . In vitro production of IFN-gamma correlates with CA repeat polymorphism in the human IFN-gamma gene. Eur J Immunogenet 1999; 26: 1.
Pravica V, Perrey C, Stevens A, Lee JH, Hutchinson IV . A single nucleotide polymorphism in the first intron of the human IFN-gamma gene: absolute correlation with a polymorphic CA microsatellite marker of high IFN-gamma production. Hum Immunol 2000; 61: 863.
Cohen M . Health and the Rise of Civilization. Yale University Press: New Haven, Connecticut, 1989.
Lipsitch M, Sousa AO . Historical intensity of natural selection for resistance to tuberculosis. Genetics 2002; 161: 1599.
McNeill W . Plagues and Peoples. Anchor Books: New York, 1998.
Newport M, Huxley C, Huston S et al. A mutation in the interferon? Receptor gene and susceptibility to mycobacterial infection. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1941.
Lim W, Powell R, Johnston I . Tuberculosis and treatment with infliximab. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 623.
Mira JP, Cariou A, Grall F et al. Association of TNF2, a TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism, with septic shock susceptibility and mortality: a multicenter study. J Am Med Assoc 1999; 282: 561.
Hajeer A, Hutchinson I . TNF-a gene polymorphism: clinical and biological implications. Microsc Res Tech 2000; 50: 216.
Bayley JP, Ottenhoff TH, Verweij CL . Is there a future for TNF promoter polymorphisms? Genes Immun 2004; 5: 315.
Hoffmann SC, Stanley EM, Cox ED et al. Ethnicity greatly influences cytokine gene polymorphism distribution. Am J Transplant 2002; 2: 560.
Cuenca J, Perez CA, Aguirre AJ, Schiattino I, Aguillon JC . Genetic polymorphism at position −308 in the promoter region of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF): implications of its allelic distribution on susceptibility or resistance to diseases in the Chilean population. Biol Res 2001; 34: 237.
McGuire W, Knight JC, Hill AV, Allsopp CE, Greenwood BM, Kwiatkowski D . Severe malarial anemia and cerebral malaria are associated with different tumor necrosis factor promoter alleles. J Infect Dis 1999; 179: 287.
Flynn J, Chan J . Immunology of tuberculosis. Annu Rev Immunol 2000; 19: 93.
Jouanguy E, Altare F, Lamhamedi S et al. Interferon? Receptor deficiency in an infant with fatal bacille Calmette–Guerin infection. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1956.
Dobyns HF . Their Number Become Thinned. Native American Population Dynamics in Eastern North America. University of Tennessee Press: Knoxville, 1983.
Ramenofsky A . Vectors of Death: The Archaeology of European Contact. University of New Mexico Press: Albuquerque, 1987.
Verano J, Ubelaker D . Disease and Demography in the Americas. Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, 1992.
Ubelaker D . North American Indian population size, A.D. 1500–1985. Am J Phys Anthropol 1988; 77: 289.
Schweger CE . The full-glacial ecosystem of Beringia. Prehist Mongoloid Dispersals 1990; 7: 35.
Turner C . The first Americans: the dental evidence. Natl Geogr Res 1986; 2: 37.
Merbs C. Patterns of activity-induced pathology in a Canadian Inuit population. National Museum of Man Mercury Series No. 119, 1983.
Wright JV . A History of the Native People of Canada. Canadian Museum of Civilization: Hull, PQ, 1995.
McGhee R . Disease and the development of Inuit culture. Curr Anthropol 1994; 35: 565.
Merbs C . A new world of infectious disease. Yearbook Phys Anthropol 1992; 35: 3.
Buikstra J . The Caribou Eskimo: general and specific disease. Am J Phys Anthropol 1976; 45: 351.
Pfeiffer S . Paleopathology in an Iroquoian Ossuary, with Special Reference to Tuberculosis. Am J Phys Anthropol 1984; 65: 181.
Cybulski JS . Cribra orbitalia, a possible sign of anemia in early historic Native populations of the British Columbia coast. Am J Phys Anthropol 1977; 47: 31.
Powell ML . Health and disease in the late prehistoric Southeast. In: Verano JW, Ubelaker DH (eds). Disease and Demography in the Americas. Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, 1992, p 41.
Marquet S, Abel L, Hillaire D, Dessein A . Full results of the genome-wide scan which localises a locus controlling the intensity of infection by Schistosoma mansoni on chromosome 5q31–q33. Eur J Hum Genet 1999; 7: 88.
Linker-Israeli M, Wallace DJ, Prehn J et al. Association of IL-6 gene alleles with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and with elevated IL-6 expression. Genes Immun 1999; 1: 45.
Pascual M, Nieto A, Mataran L, Balsa A, Pascual-Salcedo D, Martin J . IL-6 promoter polymorphisms in rheumatoid arthritis. Genes Immun 2000; 1: 338.
Omoto K . Genetic origins of the Philippine Negritos. Curr Anthropol 1981; 22: 421.
Bautista V . The Filipino Americans. Their History, Culture and Traditions. Bookhaus Publishers: Farmington Hills, 1998.
Elias B . The influence of the social environment on the health of Manitoba First Nations communities. Int J Circumpolar Health 2004; 63: 192.
Ferguson R . Tuberculosis Among the Indians of the Great Canadian Plains. Adlard and Sons Limited: London, 1928.
Hrdlicka A . Contribution to the Study of Tuberculosis in the Indian. Transactions of the Sixth International Congress on Tuberculosis: Washington, Philadelphia, 1908, p 480.
Hurtado AM, Hill KA, Rosenblatt W, Bender J, Sharmen T . Longitudinal study of tuberculosis outcomes among immunologically naive Aché Natives of Paraguay. Am J Phys Anthropol 2003; 121: 134.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Larcombe, L., Rempel, J., Dembinski, I. et al. Differential cytokine genotype frequencies among Canadian Aboriginal and Caucasian populations. Genes Immun 6, 140–144 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.gene.6364157
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.gene.6364157
Keywords
This article is cited by
-
Polymorphisms in the P2X7 receptor, and differential expression of Toll-like receptor-mediated cytokines and defensins, in a Canadian Indigenous group
Scientific Reports (2019)
-
Association of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms in innate immune genes with differences in TLR-induced cytokine production in neonates
Genes & Immunity (2013)
-
The potential influence of KIR cluster profiles on disease patterns of Canadian Aboriginals and other indigenous peoples of the Americas
European Journal of Human Genetics (2011)