After a decade of democratic government in South Africa, the face of research remains largely untransformed. Published research has declined significantly in relation to global output, and spending on research and development (R&D) has declined as a proportion of gross domestic product (GDP). White scientists still produce more than 90% of research articles published. Moreover, the research community is ageing, with almost half of authors of research articles now being over 50. Very few able school-leavers are being attracted into research careers and, despite the de-segregation of the country's school system, only a tiny proportion of black scholars leave school with university-entrance qualifications in mathematics and physical science. Those who do are attracted to careers in the professions, which are perceived as more lucrative.

But a glimmer of hope lies in President Thabo Mbeki's choice of minister of science and technology, Mosibudi Mangena, in his new coalition government (see page 117). Mangena has a background as an applied mathematician and has the experience of having served for the past three years as deputy minister of education. In this capacity he has gained an insight, in particular, into the underlying problem that faces South African science — a lack of qualified teachers and resources to educate its huge school-going population.

Initial indications are that Mangena will not hesitate to articulate solutions, but these will require financing, in the face of many other pressing demands. In his first official appearance as minister last week — launching National Science Week — Mangena made it clear that he regards reform of the science education system as a priority. He has been no less forthright in advocating increased state spending on R&D. The question is whether this will cut any ice with government, particularly as, like his predecessor, he represents a minority party. But the South African cabinet would do well to give him a good hearing.

There are also signs that the government's approach to AIDS is becoming more pragmatic, at least in its election promises. By being equally forthright in this sphere, Mangena could contribute to healing the rift between government and scientists that emerged four years ago following Mbeki's rejection of the prevailing understanding of the disease. Regrettably, Mbeki has not replaced his health minister, Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, whose tardiness in executing changes in anti-retroviral policy remains an obstacle to progress.