Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Review Article
  • Published:

Building the crust at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Abstract

The morphology of the sea floor at mid-ocean-ridge spreading centres provides a key to understanding how ocean crust is constructed. Images of the axial zone of the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, obtained at a range of spatial scales, show that crustal construction is complex and highly variable, reflecting an underlying three-dimensional variability in magmatic, tectonic and hydrothermal processes.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Menard, H. W. Science 157, 923–924 (1967).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. van Andel, Tj. H. & Bowin, C. O. J. geophys. Res. 73, 1279–1298 (1968).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. Lonsdale, P. Mar. geophys. Res. 3, 251–293 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Macdonald, K. C. in The Geology of North America (ed. Winterer, E. L) 93–111 (Geol. Soc. Am., Boulder, 1989).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Macdonald, K. C. & Fox, P. J. Earth planet. Sci. Lett. 88, 119–131 (1988).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Macdonald, K. C. in The Geology of North America (eds Vogt, P. R. & Tucholke, B. E.) 51–68 (Geol. Soc. Am., Boulder, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Macdonald, K. C. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 88, 541–555 (1977).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ballard, R. D. & van Andel, Tj. H. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 88, 507–530 (1977).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ramberg, I. B. & van Andel, Tj. H. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 88, 577–586 (1977).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Karson, J. A. et al. Nature 328, 681–685 (1987).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sempere, J.-C., Purdy, G. M. & Schouten, H. Nature 344, 427–431 (1990).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. Sempere, J.-C., Lin, J., Brown, H. S., Schouten, H. & Purdy, G. M. Mar. geophys. Res. 15, 153–200 (1993).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Smith, D. K. & Cann, J. R. Nature 348, 152–155 (1990).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. Smith, D. K. & Cann, J. R. J. geophys. Res. 97, 1645–1658 (1992).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Macdonald, K. C. et al. Nature 335, 217–225 (1988).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. Heezen, B. C. & Tharp, M. Geol. Soc. Am. Map (Geol. Soc. Am., Boulder, 1957).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Aumento, F., Loncarevic, B. D. & Ross, D. I. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 268, 623–650 (1971).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Heirtzler, J. R. & van Andel, Tj. H. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 88, 481–487 (1977).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. Crane, K. & Ballard, R. D. J. geophys. Res. 86, 5112–5124 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. Scott, R. B., Rona, P. A., McGregor, B. A. & Scott, M. R. Nature 251, 301–302 (1974).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. Phillips, J. D. & Fleming, H. S. Geol. Soc. Am. Maps MC-19 (Geol. Soc. Am., Boulder, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Purdy, G. M., Sempere, J.-C., Schouten, H., Dubois, D. L. & Goldsmith, R. Mar. geophys. Res. 12, 247–252 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Ramberg, I. B., Gray, D. F. & Raynolds, R. G. H. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 88, 609–620 (1977).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. Crane, K. Earth planet. Sci. Lett. 72, 405–414 (1985).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Schouten, H., Klitgord, K. D. & Whitehead, J. A. Nature 317, 225–229 (1985).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. Purdy, G. M. & Detrick, R. S. J. geophys. Res. 91, 3739–3762 (1986).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. Kuo, B. Y. & Forsyth, D. W. Mar. geophys. Res. 10, 205–232 (1988).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Lin, J., Purdy, G. M., Schouten, H., Sempere, J.-C. & Zervas, C. Nature 344, 627–632 (1990).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. Shaw, P. R. Nature 358, 490–493 (1992).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kong, L. S., Detrick, R. S., Fox, P. J., Mayer, L. A. & Ryan, W. B. F. Mar. geophys. Res. 10, 59–90 (1988).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Brown, J. R. & Karson, J. A. Mar. geophys. Res. 10, 109–138 (1988).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Gente, P., Mevel, C., Auzende, J. M., Karson, J. A. & Fouquet, Y. Tectonophysics 190, 1–29 (1991).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. Macdonald, K. C. & Luyendyk, B. P. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 88, 621–636 (1977).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. Luyendyk, B. P. & Macdonald, K. C. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 88, 648–663 (1977).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bonatti, E. & Harrison, C. G. A. J. geophys. Res. 93, 2967–2980 (1988).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. Bryan, W. B. & Moore, J. G. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 88, 556–570 (1977).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Atwater, T. in Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust Vol.2 (eds Talwani, M., Harrison, C. G. & Hayes, D. E.) 33–42 (Am. geophys. Un., Washington DC, 1979).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  38. Zonenshain, L. P. et al. Tectonophysics 159, 1–23 (1989).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. Detrick, R. S. et al. Nature 326, 35–41 (1987).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. Herron, T. J., Ludwig, W. J., Stoffa, P. L., Kan, T. K. & Buhl, P. J. geophys. Res. 83, 798–804 (1978).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. Sinton, J. M. & Detrick, R. S. Mar. geophys. Res. 97, 197–216 (1992).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Whitmarsh, R. B. Nature 246, 297–299 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. Fowler, C. M. & Keen, C. E. Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc. 56, 219–226 (1979).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. Toomey, D. R., Solomon, S. C. & Purdy, G. M. J. geophys. Res. 93, 9093–9112 (1988).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. Huang, P. Y. & Solomon, S. C. J. geophys. Res. 93, 13445–13477 (1988).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. Detrick, R. S., Mutter, J. C., Buhl, P. & Kim, I. I. Nature 347, 61–64 (1990).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kong, L. S., Solomon, S. C. & Purdy, G. M. J. geophys. Res. 97, 1659–1685 (1992).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. Nisbet, E. G. & Fowler, C. M. R. Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc. 54, 631–660 (1978).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. Harper, G. Tectonics 4, 395–409 (1985).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. Chen, Y. & Jason Morgan, W. J. geophys. Res. 95, 17583–17604 (1990).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. Phipps-Morgan, J. & Chen, Y. J. J. geophys. Res. 98, 6283–6297 (1993).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. Daly, R. A. Igneous Rocks and the Depths of the Earth (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1933).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Barone, A. M. & Ryan, W. B. F. J. geophys. Res. 95, 10801–10827 (1990).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. Ryan, M. P. in Magmatic Processes: Physiochemical Principles (ed. Mysen, B. O.) 259–287 (Geochem. Soc. spec. Publ., University Park, Pennsylvania, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Wilson, L., Head, H. W. & Parfitt, E. A. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 1395–1398 (1992).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. Tilling, R. I. & Dvorak, J. J. Nature 363, 125–132 (1993).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. Becker, K. Init. Rep. DSDP Leg 83, 419–427 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Becker, K., Langseth, M. G., Von Herzen, R. P., Anderson, R. N. & Hobart, M. A. Init. Rep. DSDP Leg 83, 405–418 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Gass, I. G. & Smewing, J. D. in The Sea 7: The Oceanic Lithosphere (ed. Emiliani, C.) 339–362 (Wiley, New York, 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Harper, G. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 95, 1009–1026 (1984).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Hooft, E. E. & Detrick, R. S. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 423–426 (1993).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Macdonald, G. A. & Abbott, A. T. Volcanoes in the Sea (Univ. Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1970).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Walker, G. P. L. Leicester Lit. Phil. Soc. Trans. 51, 25–40 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Whitehead, J. A. & Helfrich, K. R. J. geophys. Res. 96, 4145–4155 (1991).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. Gass, I. G. Geol. Surv. Cyprus Mem. 4, 1–116 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  66. Gass, I. G. Nature 220, 39–42 (1968).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Moores, E. M. & Vine, F. J. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A268, 443–466 (1971).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Wilson, R. A. M. Geol. Surv. Cyprus Mem. 1, 1–135 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  69. Auzende, J.-M. et al. Nature 337, 726–729 (1989).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  70. Humphris, S. E., Bryan, W. B., Thompson, G. & Autio, L. K. Proc. ODP Sci. Res. 106/109 67–84 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  71. Perry, F. V., Baldridge, W. S., DePaolo, D. J. & Shafiqullah, M. J. geophys. Res. 95, 19327–19348 (1990).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. Cann, J. R. Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc. 39, 169–187 (1974).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. Atwater, T. & Mudie, J. D. J. geophys. Res. 78, 8665–8686 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. Kidd, R. G. W. Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc. 50, 149–183 (1977).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. Solomon, S. C. & Toomey, D. R. A. Rev. Earth planet. Sci. 20, 329–364 (1992).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. Gentre, P. et al. C.r. Seanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 308, 1781–1788 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  77. Eberhart, G. L., Rona, P. A. & Honnorez, J. Mar. geophys. Res. 10, 233–259 (1988).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Shaw, P. R. & Lin, J. J. geophys. Res. (in the press).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Smith, D., Cann, J. Building the crust at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nature 365, 707–715 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1038/365707a0

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/365707a0

This article is cited by

Comments

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing