Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Original Article
  • Published:

Follow-up on Children with Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Improved treatment results for childhood acute myeloid leukemia in Taiwan

Leukemia volume 20, pages 136–141 (2006)Cite this article

Abstract

To improve treatment results for children with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we introduced a novel protocol, Taiwan Pediatric Oncology Group-AML-97A, for AML other than acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), for which modified conventional protocols were used. From January 1, 1997, to December 31, 2002, 141 children younger than 17 years old with de novo AML were enrolled. In total, 117 patients with non-APL AML were treated with induction therapy of idarubicin and cytarabine (Ara-C), postremission therapy with high-dose Ara-C – containing regimens for four monthly courses, and moderate-dose therapy with idarubicin and Ara-C for four monthly courses. The first 19 patients with APL were treated with all-trans retinoic acid, idarubicin and Ara-C, with the remaining five patients receiving all-trans retinoic acid and idarubicin, followed by maintenance therapy for 2 years. Stem cell transplantation was performed in 29 patients in first remission with a similar outcome as chemotherapy alone. The remission rate in the AML-97A study was 90%, the 5-year survival 51±5.3% (s.e.) and the 5-year event-free survival 50±4.8%; for APL, these were 100%, 86±7.0, and 75±9.8%. For the whole group, the 5-year survival was 57±4.7% and the 5-year event-free survival 54±4.4%. The AML-97A regimen was well tolerated.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1
Figure 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Estey EH, Keating MJ, McCredie KB, Bodey GP, Freireich EJ . Phase II trial of mitoxantrone in refractory acute leukemia. Cancer Treat Rep 1983; 67: 389–390.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bishop JF, Lowenthal RM, Joshua D, Matthews JP, Todd D, Cobcroft R, et al., for the Australian Leukemia Study Group. Etoposide in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: Australian Leukemia Study Group. Blood 1990; 75: 27–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Büchner T, Hiddemann W, Löffler G, Gassmann W, Maschmeyer G, Heit W et al. Improved cure rate by very early intensification combined with prolonged maintenance chemotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: data from the AML Cooperative Group. Semin Hematol 1991; 28: 76–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Mayer RJ, Davis RB, Schiffer CA, Berg DT, Powell BL, Schulman P et al. Intensive postremission chemotherapy in adults with acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 896–903.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Wells RJ, Woods WG, Lampkin BC, Nesbit ME, Lee JW, Buckley JD et al. Impact of high-dose cytarabine and asparaginase intensification on childhood acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Childrens Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 538–545.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Hiddemann W, Kreutzmann H, Straif K, Ludwig WD, Mertelsmann R, Donhuijsen-Ant R et al. High-dose cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone: a highly effective regimen in refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1987; 69: 744–749.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ravindranath Y, Yeager AM, Chang MN, Steuber CP, Krischer J, Graham-Pole J et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation versus intensive consolidation chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia in childhood. Pediatric Oncology Group. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1428–1434.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Woods WG, Kobrinsky N, Buckley JD, Lee JW, Sanders J, Neudorf S et al. Timed-sequential induction therapy improves postremission outcome in acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. Blood 1996; 87: 4979–4989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hann IM, Stevens RF, Goldstone AH, Rees JK, Wheatley K, Gray RG et al. Randomized comparison of DAT versus ADE as induction chemotherapy in children and younger adults with acute myeloid leukemia. Results of the Medical Research Council's 10th AML trial (MRC AML10). Adult and Childhood Leukaemia Working Parties of the Medical Research Council. Blood 1997; 89: 2311–2318.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Creutzig U, Ritter J, Zimmermann M, Reinhardt D, Hermann J, Berthold F et al. Improved treatment results in high-risk pediatric acute myeloid leukemia patients after intensification with high-dose cytarabine and mitoxantrone: results of Study Acute Myeloid Leukemia – Berlin–Frankfurt–Munster 93. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 2705–2713.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Krance RA, Hurwitz CA, Head DR, Raimondi SC, Behm FG, Crews KR et al. Experience with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in previously untreated children with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic diseases. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 2804–2811.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Perel Y, Auvrignon A, Leblanc T, Vannier JP, Michel G, Nelken B, et al., Group LAME of the French Society of Pediatric Hematology and Immunology. Impact of addition of maintenance therapy to intensive induction and consolidation chemotherapy for childhood acute myeloblastic leukemia: Results of a prospective randomized trial, LAME 89/91. Leucamie Aique Myeloide Enfant. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 2774–2782.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. O'Brien TA, Russell SJ, Vowels MR, Oswald CM, Tiedemann K, Shaw PJ, et al., Australian and New Zealand Children's Cancer Study Group. Results of consecutive trials for children newly diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia from the Australian and New Zealand Children's Cancer Study Group. Blood 2002; 100: 2708–2716.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Lie SO, Abrahamsson J, Clausen N, Forestier E, Hasle H, Hovi L et al. Treatment stratification based on initial in vivo response in acute myeloid leukemia in children without Down's syndrome: results of NOPHO-AML trials. Br J Haematol 2003; 122: 217–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Hann IM, Webb DK, Gibson BE, Harrison CJ . MRC trials in childhood acute myeloid leukemia. Ann Hematol 2004; 83 (Suppl 1): S108–S112.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, Flandrin G, Galton DA, Gralnick HR et al. Proposed revised criteria for the classification of acute myeloid leukemia. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103: 620–625.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, Flandrin G, Galton DA, Gralnick HR et al. Criteria for the diagnosis of acute leukemia of megakaryocyte lineage (M7): a report of the French–American–British Cooperative Group. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103: 460–462.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, Flandrin G, Galton DA, Gralnick HR et al. Proposal for the recognition of minimally differentiated acute myeloid leukemia (AML-M0). Br J Haematol 1991; 78: 325–329.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Mitelman F . An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature. Karger: Basel, Switzerland, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Liang DC, Shih LY, Yang CP, Hung IJ, Chen SH, Liu HC . Molecular analysis of fusion transcripts in childhood acute myeloid leukemia in Taiwan. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001; 37: 555–556.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Vardiman JW, Harris NL, Brunning RD . The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of the myeloid neoplasms. Blood 2002; 100: 2292–2302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Sanz MA, Martin G, Rayon C, Esteve J, Gonzalez M, Diaz-Mediavilla J et al. A modified AIDA protocol with anthracycline-based consolidation results in high antileukemic efficacy and reduced toxicity in newly diagnosed PML/RARalpha-positive acute promyelocytic leukemia. PETHEMA group. Blood 1999; 94: 3015–3021.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lehrnbecher T, Varwig D, Kaiser J, Reinhardt D, Klingebiel T, Creutzig U . Infectious complications in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: analysis of the prospective multi-institutional clinical trial AML-BFM 93. Leukemia 2004; 18: 72–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Jeha S, Kantarjian H, Irwin D, Shen V, Shenoy S, Blaney S et al. Efficacy and safety of rasburicase, a recombinant urate oxidase (Elitek™), in the management of malignancy-associated hyperuremia in pediatric and adult patients: final results of a multicenter compassionate use trial. Leukemia 2005; 19: 34–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Pession A, Rondelli R, Basso G, Rizzari C, Testi AM, Fagioli F, et al., on behalf of the AML Strategy & Study Committee of the Associazione ltaliana Ematologia Oncologia Pediatrica (AIEOP). Treatment and long-term results in children with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) treated according to the AIEOP AML protocols. Leukemia 2005; 19.

  26. Creutzig U, Zimmermann M, Ritter J, Reinhardt D, Hermann J, Henze G, et al., for the AML-BFM Study Group. Treatment strategies and long-term results in paediatric patients treated in four consecutive AML-BFM trials. Leukemia 2005; 19.

  27. Smith FO, Alonzo TA, Gerbing RB, Woods WG, Arceci RJ, for the Childre n' s Cancer Group. Long-term results of children with acute myeloid leukemia: a report of three consecutive phase III trials by the Children's Cancer Group: CCG 251, CCG213 and CCG 2891. Leukemia 2005; 19.

  28. Quintana J, Advis P, Becher A, Beresi V, Campbell M, Vinés EF, et al., for the Programa Infantil de Drogas Antineoplásicas de Chile (PINDA). Acute myelogenous leukemia in Chile PINDA protocols 87 and 92 results. Leukemia 2005; 19 (letter).

  29. Kardos G, Zwaan CM, Kaspers GJL, de Graaf SSN, de Bont ESJM, Postma A et al. Treatment strategy and results in children treated on three Dutch Childhood Oncology Group acute myeloid leukemia (AML) trials. Leukemia 2005; 19.

  30. Entz-Werle N, Suciu S, Van Der Werff Ten Bosch J, Vilmer E, Bertrand Y, Benoit Y, et al., on behalf of EORTC Children Leukemia Group (CLG). Results of 58872 and 58921 trials in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and relative value of chemotherapy vs allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (alloBMT) in 1st complete remission: the EORTC Children Leukemia Group report. Leukemia 2005; 19.

  31. Armendariz H, Fernandez Barbieri MA, Freigeiro D, Lastiri F, Felice MS, Dibar E, on behalf of the GATLA Group, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Treatment strategy and long-term results in pediatric patients treated in two consecutive AML-GATLA trials. Leukemia 2005; 19 (letter).

  32. Perel Y, Auvrignon A, Leblanc T, Michel G, Reguerre Y, Vannier J-P, et al., for the Group LAME of the Société Française des Cancers de l ' Enfant (SFCE), France. Treatment of childhood acute myeloblastic leukemia. Dose intensification improves outcome and maintenance therapy is of no benefit. Multicenter studies of the French LAME (Leucémie Aiguë Myéloblastique Enfant) Cooperative Group. Leukemia 2005; 19.

  33. Lie SO, Abrahamsson J, Clausen N, Forestier E, Hasle H, Hovi L, et al., on behalf of the Nordic Society of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (NOPHO). Long-term results in children with AML: NOPHO-AML Study Group-Report of three consecutive trials. Leukemia 2005; 19.

  34. Ravindranath Y, Chang M, Steuber CP, Becton D, Dahl G, Civin C, et al., for the Pediatric Oncology Group. Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) studies of acute myeloid leukemia (AML): a review of four consecutive childhood AML trials conducted between 1981 and 2000. Leukemia 2005; 19.

  35. Dluzniewska A, Balwierz W, Armata J, Balcerska A, Chybicka A, Kowalczyk J, et al., for the Polish Pediatric Leukemia/Lymphoma Study Group (PPLLSG). Twenty years of Polish experience with three consecutive protocols for treatment of childhood acute myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia 2005; 19.

  36. Ribeiro RC, Razzouk BI, Pounds S, Hijiya N, Pui C-H, Rubnitz JE . Successive clinical trials for childhood acute myeloid leukemia at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 1980 through 2000. Leukemia 2005; 19.

  37. Gibson BES, Wheatley K, Hann IM, Stevens RF, Webb D, Hills RK, et al., for the United Kingdom Childhood Leukaemia Working Party and the Dutch Childhood Oncology Group. Treatment strategy and long-term results in paediatric patients treated in consecutive UK AML Trials. Leukemia 2005; 19.

  38. Slats AM, Egeler RM, van der Does-van den Berg A, Korbijn C, Hahlen K, Kamps WA et al. Causes of death-other than progressive leukemia – in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and myeloid leukemia (AML): the Dutch Childhood Oncology Group experience. Leukemia 2005; 19: 537–544.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Rowe JM, Tallman MS . Intensifying induction therapy in acute myeloid leukemia: has a new standard of care emerged? Blood 1997; 90: 2121–2126.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Wiernik PH, Banks PL, Case Jr DC, Arlin ZA, Periman PO, Todd MB et al. Cytarabine plus idarubicin of daunorubicin as induction and consolidation therapy for previously untreated adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1992; 79: 313–319.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Vogler WR, Velez-Garcia E, Weiner RS, Flaum MA, Bartolucci AA, Omura GA et al. A phase III trial comparing idarubicin and daunorubicin in combination with cytarabine in acute myelogenous leukemia: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group Study. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 1103–1111.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Stasi R, Venditti A, Del Poeta G, Aronica G, Abruzzese E, Pisani F et al. High-dose chemotherapy in adult acute myeloid leukemia: rationale and results. Leuk Res 1996; 20: 535–549.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Dillman RO, Davis RB, Green MR, Weiss RB, Gottlieb AJ, Caplan S et al. A comparative study of two different doses of cytarabine for acute myeloid leukemia: a phase III trial of Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Blood 1991; 78: 2520–2526.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bishop JF, Matthews JP, Young GA, Szer J, Gillett A, Joshua D et al. A randomized study of high-dose cytarabine in induction in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1996; 87: 1710–1717.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Weick JK, Kopecky KJ, Appelbaum FR, Head DR, Kingsbury LL, Balcerzak SP et al. A randomized investigation of high-dose versus standard-dose cytosine arabinoside with daunorubicin in patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Blood 1996; 88: 2841–2851.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Casazza AM, DíMarco A, Bonadonna G, Bonfante G, Bertazzoli C, Bellini D et al. Effects of modifications in position 4 of the chromophore or in position 4′ of the aminosugar, on the antitumor activity and toxicity of daunorubicin and doxorubicin. In: Crooke ST, Reich SD (eds). Anthracyclines, Current Status and New Developments. Academic Press: New York, 1980, pp 403–430.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Chen ZM, Colombo T, Conforti L, Grazia Donelli M, Fiedorowicz RJ, Marchi S et al. Effects of three new anthracyclines and doxorubicin on the rat isolated heart. J Pharm Pharmacol 1987; 39: 947–950.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Anderlini P, Benjamin RS, Wong FC, Kantarjian HM, Andreeff M, Kornblau SM et al. Idarubicin cardiotoxicity: a retrospective study in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 2827–2834.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Preisler H, Davis RB, Kirshner J, Dupre E, Richards III F, Hoagland HC, et al., and the Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Comparison of three remission induction regimens and two postinduction strategies for the treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. Blood 1987; 69: 1441–1449.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Ho AD, Lipp T, Ehninger G, Illiger HJ, Meyer P, Freund M et al. Combination of mitoxantrone and etoposide in refractory acute myelogenous leukemia – an active and well-tolerated regimen. J Clin Oncol 1988; 6: 213–217.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Burke PJ, Owens Jr AH . Attempted recruitment of leukemic myeloblasts to proliferative activity by sequential drug treatment. Cancer 1971; 28: 830–836.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Woods WG, Kobrinsky N, Buckley J, Neudorf S, Sanders J, Miller L et al. Intensively timed induction therapy followed by autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for children with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome: a Childrens Cancer Group pilot study. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 1448–1457.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Holowiecki J, Grosicki S, Robak T, Kyrcz-Krzemien S, Giebel S, Hellmann A, et al., Polish Adult Leukemia Group (PALG). Addition of cladribine to daunorubicin and cytarabine increases complete remission rate after a single course of induction treatment in acute myeloid leukemia. Multicenter, phase III study. Leukemia 2004; 18: 989–997.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Büchner T, Urbanitz D, Hiddemann W, Ruhl H, Ludwig WD, Fischer J et al. Intensified induction and consolidation with or without maintenance chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML): two multicenter studies of the German AML Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 1985; 3: 1583–1589.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Mayer RJ, Davis RB, Schiffer CA, Berg DT, Powell BL, Schulman P et al. Intensive postremission chemotherapy in adults with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer and Leukemia Group B. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 896–903.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Momparler RL . A model for the chemotherapy of acute leukemia with l-β-D-arabinofranosylcytosine. Cancer Res 1974; 34: 1775–1787.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Hiddemann W . Cytosine arabinoside in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia: the role and place of high-dose regimens. Ann Hematol 1991; 62: 119–128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Hiddemann W, Aul C, Maschmeyer G, Schonrock-Nabulsi R, Ludwig WD, Bartholomaus A et al. High-dose versus intermediate-dose cytarabine combined with mitoxantrone for the treatment of relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia: results of an age-adjusted randomized comparison. Sem Hematol 1991; 28 (Suppl 4): 35–38.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Ribeiro RC, Pui CH . Saving the children – improving childhood cancer treatment in developing countries. N Engl J Med 2005; 332: 2158–2160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Ching-Hon Pui, MD, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, USA, for his critical review and continuous support, and also Ching-Tien Peng, MD, and Kang-Hsi Wu, MD, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Shiann-Tarng Jou, MD, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Chao-Neng Cheng, MD, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; Jiunn-Ming Sheen, MD, Chang Gung Children's Hospital at Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Chao-Ping Yang, MD, and Tang-Her Jaing, MD, Chang Gung Children's Hospital at Linkou, Linkou, Taiwan; Lin-Yen Wang, MD, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Min-Chang Liu, MD, Chi Mei Hospital, Liouying, Taiwan; and Giun-Yi Hung, MD, Veterans General Hospital at Taipei, for Provision of study material. We are very grateful to the Data Managers of the Taiwan Childhood Cancer Foundation: Ms Xiu-Wen Liao, Bee-Rou Wu, Hsiu-Chuan Lin, and Hsiu-E Hsu for data collection. This work was supported by the Taiwan Childhood Cancer Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Division, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    D-C Liang, S-H Chen & H-C Liu

  2. Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Division, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

    T-T Chang

  3. Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Division, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    K-H Lin, D-T Lin, M-Y Lu & K-S Lin

  4. Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Division, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan

    M-T Lin & M-T Lee

  5. Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Division, Veterans General Hospital at Taichung, T, aichung, Taiwan

    S-G Shu & T-K Chang

  6. Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Division, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan

    J-S Chen

  7. Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Division, Chang Gung Children's Hospital at Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

    C-C Hsiao

  8. Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Division, Chang Gung Children's Hospital at Linkou, Linkou, Taiwan

    I-J Hung

  9. Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Division, Veterans General Hospital at Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan

    Y-L Hsieh

  10. Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Division, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan

    R-L Chen

  11. Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Division, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    S-N Cheng

  12. Taiwan Childhood Cancer Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan

    W-H Chang, C-H Lee & K-S Lin

Authors
  1. D-C Liang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. T-T Chang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. K-H Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. D-T Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M-Y Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. S-H Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. H-C Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. M-T Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. M-T Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. S-G Shu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. T-K Chang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. J-S Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. C-C Hsiao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. I-J Hung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Y-L Hsieh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. R-L Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. S-N Cheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. W-H Chang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. C-H Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. K-S Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to K-S Lin.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Liang, DC., Chang, TT., Lin, KH. et al. Improved treatment results for childhood acute myeloid leukemia in Taiwan. Leukemia 20, 136–141 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2403979

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2403979

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links