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A schematic showing the underlying mechanisms of the inhibitory effects of Icariside II (ICS II) on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced apoptosis in rats. ICS II attenuates cerebral I/R-induced blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis in rats in a manner involving regulation of the MMP9/TIMP1 balance. See the article in pages 1547–1556.