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When brushes are removed from an ink bath, they sometimes show unwanted droplets, which may accidentally drop on surfaces. Our theory predicts that Chinese calligraphic brushes eliminate the unwanted droplets by closing their ends. The ends of the brushes are closed when the length L of their fibers is longer than a critical length Lclo. This principle may be applicable to the design of liquid-transfer devices.
The polarization-electric-field hysteresis curves of the polar c-axis-grown orthorhombic GaFeO3 (o-GFO) film on a SrRuO3/STO substrate show the net switching polarization of ~35 μC cm−2 with an unusually high coercive field (Ec) of ±1400 kV cm−1 at room temperature. The positive-up and negative-down measurement also demonstrates the switching polarization of ~26 μC cm−2. The activation energy for the polarization switching, as obtained by density-functional theory calculations, is remarkably high, 1.05 eV per formula unit. We have theoretically shown that this high value accounts for the extraordinary high Ec and the stability of the polar Pna21 phase over a wide range of temperature up to 1368 K.
Herein, we elaborated a facile and generally applicable synthetic strategy to ensure confinement of uniformly dispersed noble-metal nanoparticles (Au, Pt, Rh, Ru, Ag, Pd and Ir) within various carbon morphologies with controlled loadings from 8 to 44%. The metal nanoparticles were small (~2 nm), but importantly were evenly distributed throughout the carbon support even at the highest loading, allowing for a significantly higher surface area for rapid and even selective catalysis.
