The material used by the old masters to make exquisite violins may have been chemically manipulated.
Abstract
Whether or not the great Italian violin-makers used wood that had been chemically processed in order to preserve it and enhance the instrument's sound quality has long been a contentious issue1,2. Here we use nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy to analyse organic matter in wood taken from antique instruments made by Stradivari and Guarneri del Gesu. Our results indicate that the wood used by the masters could indeed have been chemically treated, a technique that may inspire an approach to violin making that is more chemistry-based.
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Maple wood samples from the interior of the instruments' back plates were obtained as thin shavings during the repair of cracks. The instruments were a violin by Stradivari, dated 1717; a cello by Stradivari (1731); a violin by Guarneri del Gesu (1741); a violin by Gand-Bernardel of Paris (1840s); and a viola by Henry Jay of London (1769). For comparison, we used recent tone woods from Bosnia and central Europe.
Figure 1a shows 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the different wood samples, recorded (see supplementary information) and interpreted as described3,4. The spectra differ at the following points: the small peaks attributed to the acetyl carbons at 18 and 170 p.p.m.; the small methoxy peak at 56 p.p.m.; and the main lignin peaks at 135 and 155 p.p.m. The most significant difference is shown by the Guarneri sample as a decrease in all of these peaks. The spectrum of the Stradivarius violin shows close similarities to that of the Guarneri, whereas the deviations of the Stradivari cello wood from the recent Bosnian maple are only slightly different from those of the old English and French instruments, and from those generated by boiling and baking the Bosnian maple sample (for details, see supplementary information).
Attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra5 were obtained for recent Bosnian maple, the Guarneri sample and the Stradivari violin sample (Fig. 1b). The differences between these spectra are obvious at several peaks, particularly in the carbonyl region at 1,730 cm−1 to 1,650 cm−1 and at 1,237 cm−1. The increase in absorption at around 1,650 cm−1 may be caused by the formation of quinones from lignin by oxidation6. The spectra of both violins also differ from that of the Stradivari cello, which in turn differs only slightly from those of Jay and Gand-Bernardel and from the boiled–baked Bosnian maple. (See supplementary information for spectra and statistical analysis of their significance.) We found no evidence of potassium silicate7 in any of our antique samples.
By these methods, the violin by Guarneri and, to a slightly lesser degree, the Stradivari stand out against the other standards. Our results support the idea that chemical treatments, such as oxidation and hydrolysis, were used in making these violins and, to a much lesser extent, the Stradivari cello. In the case of the cello, the English viola and the French violin, natural ageing cannot be ruled out as a cause of the chemical changes. The effects may also be related to the unusual mineral composition of the wood in these instruments, which remains to be investigated.
However, the observed differences are likely to have originated from a regional practice of wood preservation that affected the mechanical and acoustical properties of the wood2,8. Our case studies may inspire a more chemistry-based approach to violin-making.
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Supplementary information
Supplementary Methods
This file describes the method of sample preparation and the conditions of the NMR and FTIR spectroscopies. It also includes the method of statistical analysis of the IR spectra. (PDF 18 kb)
Supplementary Figure Legends
This file identifies the curves in the four SI figures. (PDF 6 kb)
Supplementary Discussion
A summary of the SI materials and conclusions. (PDF 8 kb)
Supplementary Figure 1
Solid state NMR spectra of 5 maple wood samples. Assignments are provided in the figure as Stradivarius cello, Bosnian K-silicate treated, the Jay viola, the Gand-Bernardel violin, and boiled-baked Bosnian maple. (PDF 66 kb)
Supplementary Figure 2
FTIR spectra of 3 maple wood samples. Assignments are provided in the figure as the Stradivarius cello, the boiled-baked Bosnian maple and the Ksilicate treated maple. (PDF 93 kb)
Supplementary Figure 3
FTIR spectra of samples from the Jay viola and the Gand-Bernardel violin. Assignments given in the figure. (PDF 78 kb)
Supplementary Figure 4
FTIR spectra of maple heartwood and sapwood samples. The source was a 30-year old European tone wood. Assignments provided in the figure. (PDF 78 kb)
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Nagyvary, J., DiVerdi, J., Owen, N. et al. Wood used by Stradivari and Guarneri. Nature 444, 565 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/444565a
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/444565a
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