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DNA mapping refers to the variety of different methods that can be used to describe the positions of genes. DNA maps can show different levels of detail, similar to topological maps of a country or city, to indicate how far two genes are located from one another. At a low resolution, DNA can be mapped at the level of banding patterns that roughly show the distance between two genes after a chromosome has been stained with dye. Genetic mapping or linkage mapping can be used to indicate the relative order of genes on a chromosome. A restriction map is another type of DNA map that roughly describes the relative positions of genes by breaking apart sections of DNA at locations known as restriction sites. A physical DNA map describes the absolute position of genes on a chromosome. Physical maps can be constructed by breaking a section of DNA, a chromosome, or an entire genome into smaller fragments. These overlapping DNA fragments can be cloned, or copied. Then, sections of the DNA can be used to obtain nucleotide sequences and establish the precise locations of genes.
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