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| Open AccessAn intranasal influenza virus-vectored vaccine prevents SARS-CoV-2 replication in respiratory tissues of mice and hamsters
Current vaccines are less efficient in preventing infection. Here, the authors show that an intranasal vaccine (DelNS1-RBD) based on a live attenuated influenza virus induces robust levels of neutralizing antibodies and T cells and prevents replication of SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants in respiratory tissues.
- Shaofeng Deng
- , Ying Liu
- & Honglin Chen
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| Open AccessEffectiveness of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines among older adults in Shanghai: retrospective cohort study
Inactivated COVID-19 vaccines have been widely used in China, but there is limited real-world evidence for their effectiveness in this setting. Here, the authors estimate effectiveness of inactivated vaccines for people aged 60 or older in Shanghai during a period when Omicron was the dominant circulating variant.
- Zhuoying Huang
- , Shuangfei Xu
- & Weibing Wang
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| Open AccessSingle-component multilayered self-assembling protein nanoparticles presenting glycan-trimmed uncleaved prefusion optimized envelope trimers as HIV-1 vaccine candidates
Here the authors present an HIV-1 vaccine strategy that combines Env stabilization, nanoparticle display, and glycan trimming, which improves neutralizing antibody responses, frequency of vaccine responders, and germinal center reactions in animal models.
- Yi-Nan Zhang
- , Jennifer Paynter
- & Jiang Zhu
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| Open AccessBooster with Ad26.COV2.S or Omicron-adapted vaccine enhanced immunity and efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron in macaques
Variant booster vaccines are a strategy to improve protection against SARS-CoV-2. Here, the authors find that both Wuhan-Hu-1-based Ad26.COV2.S or an Omicron-adapted booster vaccine provide robust immune responses and protection against Omicron in NHP.
- Laura Solforosi
- , Lea M. M. Costes
- & Frank Wegmann
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| Open AccessLimited induction of polyfunctional lung-resident memory T cells against SARS-CoV-2 by mRNA vaccination compared to infection
Resident memory T cells at the respiratory tract may play critical roles in the response to respiratory infections including SARS-CoV-2. Here the authors characterise the lung resident T cell response generated in response to mRNA vaccination of SARS-CoV-2 Spike or in convalescent patients after natural infection. They show reduced frequency and functionality of tissue resident T cells in vaccinated versus convalescent patients which may impact disease control and vaccination strategies.
- Daan K. J. Pieren
- , Sebastián G. Kuguel
- & Meritxell Genescà
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| Open AccessEffectiveness of BNT162b2 after extending the primary series dosing interval in children and adolescents aged 5–17
Extending the interval between doses of mRNA Covid-19 vaccines has been linked with a reduced risk of myocarditis in children and adolescents, but impacts on vaccine effectiveness are not known. Here, the authors perform a nested case-control study using data from Hong Kong and find evidence of reduced risk of infection following a longer dosing interval.
- Francisco Tsz Tsun Lai
- , Min Fan
- & Esther Wai Yin Chan
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| Open AccessCommercial influenza vaccines vary in HA-complex structure and in induction of cross-reactive HA antibodies
Here, Myers and Gallagher et al. characterize the structural organization of commercial influenza vaccines. The vaccines differ in their structural composition and identify a “spiked nanodisc” arrangement of hemagglutinin (HA) with increased display and immunogenicity of the conserved stem region of HA.
- Mallory L. Myers
- , John R. Gallagher
- & Audray K. Harris
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| Open AccessLong-term measles antibody profiles following different vaccine schedules in China, a longitudinal study
The timing of measles vaccination in infants affects the risk of infection in young children and the duration of protection provided. Here, the authors investigate optimal vaccination timing by characterising antibody kinetics following different vaccine schedules in two cohorts of children in southern China.
- Qianli Wang
- , Wei Wang
- & Hongjie Yu
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Article
| Open AccessmRNA vaccines and hybrid immunity use different B cell germlines against Omicron BA.4 and BA.5
Omicron strains of SARS-CoV-2 have displayed high transmissibility and immunological escape to antibody responses derived from natural infection and vaccination. Here the authors compare the antibody response to vaccination and natural infection, assessing neutralisation after vaccine doses and analyse the repertoire of such responses.
- Emanuele Andreano
- , Ida Paciello
- & Rino Rappuoli
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| Open AccessRisk of death following COVID-19 vaccination or positive SARS-CoV-2 test in young people in England
Rare but serious cardiac disease side effects have been linked to COVID-19 vaccinations, especially in young people. Here, the authors find very little evidence of an association between vaccination and mortality, except for in females after a non mRNA vaccine, but show an increased risk of death following COVID-19 infection
- Vahé Nafilyan
- , Charlotte R. Bermingham
- & James C. Doidge
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Article
| Open AccessPredicting vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 over time and against variants: a meta-analysis
In this study, the authors perform a meta-analysis of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness studies and compare observed protection against severe disease with model-based estimates of neutralising antibody titres. Their results show that SARS-CoV-2 antibody titres are predictive of protection against severe COVID-19 disease.
- Deborah Cromer
- , Megan Steain
- & Miles P. Davenport
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| Open AccessCorrelates of protection and viral load trajectories in omicron breakthrough infections in triple vaccinated healthcare workers
Correlation between vaccine induced serological response and protection against SARS-CoV-2 omicron infection is not well understood. Authors investigate breakthrough infections in triple-vaccinated healthcare workers, to characterise correlates of protection and viral characteristics.
- Ulrika Marking
- , Sebastian Havervall
- & Charlotte Thålin
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Article
| Open AccessHeterologous SARS-CoV-2 spike protein booster elicits durable and broad antibody responses against the receptor-binding domain
Takano et al. show that heterologous booster by SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein vaccine recalls a more sustained and broader anti-spike receptor-binding domain antibody response compared to homologous booster by mRNA vaccine.
- Tomohiro Takano
- , Takashi Sato
- & Yoshimasa Takahashi
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| Open AccessA live dengue virus vaccine carrying a chimeric envelope glycoprotein elicits dual DENV2-DENV4 serotype-specific immunity
Here, the authors report a live chimeric DENV2/4 EDII virus, encoding DENV2 and DENV4 neutralizing epitopes, that replicates efficiently in primates and simultaneously elicits neutralizing DENV2 and DENV4 type-specific antibodies, providing domain-specific diagnostic reagents and simplified vaccine strategies.
- Ellen Young
- , Boyd Yount
- & Ralph S. Baric
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| Open AccessRapid protection induced by a single-shot Lassa vaccine in male cynomolgus monkeys
Lassa virus vaccination is impeded by the limited capacity of vaccine candidates to induce rapid protection. In this study, the authors found that a single shot of a measles-based Lassa vaccine protected nonhuman primates 16 or 8 days after vaccination.
- Mathieu Mateo
- , Stéphanie Reynard
- & Sylvain Baize
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| Open AccessBeta variant COVID-19 protein booster vaccine elicits durable cross-neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 variants in non-human primates
Waning protective efficacy of mRNA-based booster vaccinations has been observed against newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. In this work, Pavot et al. formulate a monovalent Beta vaccine and demonstrate durable cross-neutralising antibody responses in non-human primates, against a spectrum of variants.
- Vincent Pavot
- , Catherine Berry
- & Valerie Lecouturier
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| Open AccessSARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines decouple anti-viral immunity from humoral autoimmunity
Whilst SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines have demonstrated efficacy in reducing infection severity, research has shown that SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with new autoantibodies. Whether this would also be observed during mRNA vaccination is unclear. Here, the authors use an autoantibody screening platform to monitor autoantibody responses in a diverse cohort during vaccination.
- Jillian R. Jaycox
- , Carolina Lucas
- & Aaron M. Ring
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| Open AccessDirect intranodal tonsil vaccination with modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine protects macaques from highly pathogenic SIVmac251
Mucosal surfaces are a primary route of HIV entry, yet the compartmentalisation between mucosal and peripheral immune systems remain a challenge for HIV vaccine candidates. Authors utilise a combination of intranodal tonsil MALT and systemic vaccination in the rhesus macaque model to explore immune responses and protection from highly pathogenic simian homologue of HIV.
- Jeffy G. Mattathil
- , Asisa Volz
- & Joseph J. Mattapallil
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| Open AccessEffectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine booster doses against Omicron severe outcomes
This study investigates the protection provided by mRNA COVID-19 vaccine booster doses against Omicron-associated severe disease in adults aged 50 and older. The authors use data from Ontario, Canada, and find that booster doses provide strong protection but that it declined during the period of BA.4/BA.5 predominance.
- Ramandip Grewal
- , Lena Nguyen
- & Jeffrey C. Kwong
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Article
| Open AccessSafety and immunogenicity of a thermostable ID93 + GLA-SE tuberculosis vaccine candidate in healthy adults
Here the authors present results from a randomized, double-blinded Phase 1 clinical trial, testing a thermostable presentation of a clinical-stage adjuvanted subunit tuberculosis vaccine candidate. The vaccine candidate is safe and well tolerated, and elicits comparable or improved immune responses compared to the non-thermostable presentation.
- Zachary K. Sagawa
- , Cristina Goman
- & Christopher B. Fox
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| Open AccessImmunogenicity and protection of a variant nanoparticle vaccine that confers broad neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 variants
Current SARS-CoV-2 variants evade immune responses induced by approved vaccines. In this study, the authors find that a recombinant prefusion-stabilized Beta spike protein vaccine confers broad neutralization capacity in mice and non-human primates as well as protective antibody and immune memory responses.
- James Logue
- , Robert M. Johnson
- & Matthew B. Frieman
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| Open AccessEngineering potent live attenuated coronavirus vaccines by targeted inactivation of the immune evasive viral deubiquitinase
In this work, authors provide a proof-of-concept study showing that deubiquitinating enzyme inactivation in MERS-CoV leads to attenuation in mice, and protection against a lethal challenge.
- Sebenzile K. Myeni
- , Peter J. Bredenbeek
- & Marjolein Kikkert
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| Open AccessMaternal SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infant protection against SARS-CoV-2 during the first six months of life
This study investigates the impact of maternal COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy on infant infection during the first six months of life. Using data from California, USA, the authors find that protection against infection during the period of Delta dominance was high, but that it declined during the Omicron period.
- Ousseny Zerbo
- , G. Thomas Ray
- & Nicola P. Klein
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| Open AccessSomatically hypermutated antibodies isolated from SARS-CoV-2 Delta infected patients cross-neutralize heterologous variants
In this study, authors identified neutralizing antibodies by isolating B cells from SARS-CoV-2 Delta infected patients and detect altered structural features, likely introduced by somatic hypermutation, that are involved in epitope binding and increase neutralization breadth against virus variants.
- Haisheng Yu
- , Banghui Liu
- & Xiaoping Tang
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| Open AccessThe cytomegalovirus gB/MF59 vaccine candidate induces antibodies against an antigenic domain controlling cell-to-cell spread
A gB/MF59 vaccine candidate for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) provided partial protection in organ transplant patients. Here, the authors identify antibody responses in trial participants that target virally infected cells to control cell-to-cell spread of HCMV, providing a potential mechanism for the observed protection.
- A. C. Gomes
- , I. A. Baraniak
- & M. B. Reeves
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| Open AccessNational surveillance data analysis of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in England by women of reproductive age
Women of reproductive age may have specific concerns relating to perceived impacts on fertility and menstrual cycles that make them hesitant to receive COVID-19 vaccination. In this study, the authors explore COVID-19 vaccine uptake rates in women of reproductive age using linked data for ~13 million women in England.
- Laura A. Magee
- , Erika Molteni
- & Sara White
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| Open AccessOptimal age targeting for pneumococcal vaccination in older adults; a modelling study
Vaccination against invasive pneumococcal disease is recommended for older adults but the optimal age group to target has not been determined and may vary by epidemiological setting. Here, the authors use statistical modelling to estimate the optimal ages for vaccination in Brazil, England, Malawi, and South Africa.
- Deus Thindwa
- , Samuel Clifford
- & Stefan Flasche
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Article
| Open AccessEfficacy of an unmodified bivalent mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants in female small animal models
Here the authors show efficacy of a low-dose, unmodified, bivalent mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants in two female rodent models and find that combination of mRNA encoding Beta and Delta Spike sequences induces broadly neutralizing antibodies and robust T-cell responses.
- Björn Corleis
- , Donata Hoffmann
- & Anca Dorhoi
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| Open AccessThe impacts of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dose separation and targeting on the COVID-19 epidemic in England
In England, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were initially targeted to older, more vulnerable people; first vaccine doses were prioritised over second doses, and an interval of twelve weeks was used between doses. Here, the authors assess the impacts of these policy decisions by simulating counterfactual scenarios.
- Matt J. Keeling
- , Samuel Moore
- & Edward M. Hill
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Article
| Open AccessHIV vaccine candidate efficacy in female macaques mediated by cAMP-dependent efferocytosis and V2-specific ADCC
HIV vaccine development can be aided by knowledge of correlates of protection. Here the authors identify engagement and reprogramming of tolerogenic CD14+ myeloid cells mediating a spatiotemporal balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses, as correlates of efficacy in female macaques vaccinated with the DNA/ALVAC/gp120/Alum platform.
- Massimiliano Bissa
- , Sohyoung Kim
- & Genoveffa Franchini
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Article
| Open AccessA modular vaccine platform enabled by decoration of bacterial outer membrane vesicles with biotinylated antigens
Antigen display on outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) can be difficult to control and highly variable. Here, the authors describe a universal approach called AvidVax for linking biotinylated antigens to the exterior of OMVs and enabling rapid vaccine assembly.
- Kevin B. Weyant
- , Ayomide Oloyede
- & Matthew P. DeLisa
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| Open AccessImmune correlates analysis of the PREVENT-19 COVID-19 vaccine efficacy clinical trial
Authors have previously reported on the efficacy and safety of the recombinant spike protein nanoparticle vaccine, NVX-CoV2373, in healthy adults. In this work, they assess anti-spike binding IgG, anti-RBD binding IgG and neutralising antibody titer as correlates of risk and protection against COVID-19.
- Youyi Fong
- , Yunda Huang
- & Peter B. Gilbert
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| Open AccessEffectiveness of mRNA-1273 vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 omicron subvariants BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5
In this study, the authors estimate the effectiveness of the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine for Omicron subvariants using data from the USA on ~31,000 cases and ~92,000 matched controls. They find that effectiveness against infection waned rapidly after third and fourth doses, but effectiveness against hospitalization remained high.
- Hung Fu Tseng
- , Bradley K. Ackerson
- & Lei Qian
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Article
| Open AccessA population-based matched cohort study of major congenital anomalies following COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection
The risks of major congenital anomalies associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in early pregnancy are not well understood. Here, the authors conduct a population-based cohort study using electronic health records from Scotland and find no evidence of an association, supporting vaccine safety in pregnancy.
- Clara Calvert
- , Jade Carruthers
- & Rachael Wood
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| Open AccessB cell analyses after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA third vaccination reveals a hybrid immunity like antibody response
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and infection induce antibody responses but the evolution of subsequent variants has resulted in the development of escape mutants. Here the authors characterise, at single cell level, the antibody response in donors after a third dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination and show difference in breadth, neutralisation and molecular signature according to the vaccination regimen used.
- Emanuele Andreano
- , Ida Paciello
- & Rino Rappuoli
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Article
| Open AccessSuppression of flavivirus transmission from animal hosts to mosquitoes with a mosquito-delivered vaccine
Based on previous research that the Chaoyang virus is an insect-specific flavivirus, only able to replicate in insects and insect cells, authors present this proof-of-concept mosquito-delivered vaccine; they construct a Zika virus focused candidate that can be delivered by mosquito bite, and assess the immune response and protection in mice.
- Dan Wen
- , Limin S. Ding
- & Aihua Zheng
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Article
| Open AccessImmunogenicity and efficacy of fourth BNT162b2 and mRNA1273 COVID-19 vaccine doses; three months follow-up
Here the authors provide immunogenicity and efficacy data at 3-month follow-up for vaccinees who have received a fourth dose of either mRNA1273 or BNT162b2. Both vaccines were highly effective against substantial symptomatic disease, but had little effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
- Michal Canetti
- , Noam Barda
- & Gili Regev-Yochay
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| Open AccessEffectiveness of ChAdOx1-S COVID-19 booster vaccination against the Omicron and Delta variants in England
Vaccine effectiveness of a ChAdOx1-S booster was estimated in a test-negative case-control study in England. Protection was found to be moderate against mild disease but remained high and comparable to that of an mRNA booster against hospitalisation with Omicron.
- Freja Cordelia Møller Kirsebom
- , Nick Andrews
- & Jamie Lopez Bernal
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Article
| Open AccessThe circadian clock influences T cell responses to vaccination by regulating dendritic cell antigen processing
Circadian rhythms are known to impact a range of biological processes including in the immune system. Here the authors show how circadian rhythms modulate the T cell response to vaccination via regulation of dendritic cell metabolism.
- Mariana P. Cervantes-Silva
- , Richard G. Carroll
- & Annie M. Curtis
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Article
| Open AccessInduction of cross-neutralizing antibodies by a permuted hepatitis C virus glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine candidate
E1E2 spike on the hepatitis C virion is an important target for vaccine design. Here, the authors permute the subunits to generate E2E1 immunogens and show that mosaic nanoparticles displaying different E2E1 antigens elicit cross-neutralizing antibodies in rabbits.
- Kwinten Sliepen
- , Laura Radić
- & Rogier W. Sanders
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Article
| Open AccessMode of delivery modulates the intestinal microbiota and impacts the response to vaccination
The establishment and composition of the host microbiota is known to impact the function of the host immune response. Here the authors show that mode of delivery may impact the intestinal microbiota composition from birth and modulate the response to routine childhood vaccines.
- Emma M. de Koff
- , Debbie van Baarle
- & Susana Fuentes
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Article
| Open AccessMucosal TLR2-activating protein-based vaccination induces potent pulmonary immunity and protection against SARS-CoV-2 in mice
Current vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 reduce mortality but are less effective in preventing infection. Here the authors show that intranasal vaccination with a subunit vaccine including an TLR2-stimulating adjuvant induces strong neutralising antibody and T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs that protect against infection.
- Anneliese S. Ashhurst
- , Matt D. Johansen
- & Warwick J. Britton
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| Open AccessEffectiveness of a third BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy: a national observational study in Israel
Data on the effectiveness of a third dose of COVID-19 vaccine in pregnant women are limited. In this observational study, the authors report that a third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy enhances protection against maternal adverse COVID-19-related outcomes.
- Joshua Guedalia
- , Michal Lipschuetz
- & Ofer Beharier
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| Open AccessThird primary SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines enhance antibody responses in most patients with haematological malignancies
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination has shown reduced efficacy in patients with haematological malignancies. Here, the authors show that a third vaccine is able to enhance SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in most cases in a cohort of 381 patients with haematological malignancies.
- Lucy B. Cook
- , Gillian O’Dell
- & Andrew J. Innes
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Article
| Open AccessSafety and immunogenicity following a homologous booster dose of CoronaVac in children and adolescents
Few countries have approved SARS-CoV-2 booster doses in children and adolescents due to insufficient evidence about the safety and interval vaccination. Here, the authors assess the safety and immunogenicity of a homologous booster dose of CoronaVac in a cohort of 3–17 year olds.
- Lei Wang
- , Zhiwei Wu
- & Qiang Gao
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Article
| Open AccessDurability and cross-reactivity of immune responses induced by a plant-based virus-like particle vaccine for COVID-19
Here, the authors report results from a Phase 1 trial with an AS03-adjuvanted, plant-based virus-like particle displaying the spike protein of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2. Six months post-second dose, they observe good neutralizing antibody titers and T cell responses to ancestral virus and variants of concern in participants.
- Philipe Gobeil
- , Stéphane Pillet
- & Brian J. Ward
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Article
| Open AccessDistinct immunological and molecular signatures underpinning influenza vaccine responsiveness in the elderly
Seasonal influenza vaccination is an important strategy to prevent serious disease in the elderly, but individual responsiveness to vaccination widely vary. Here authors establish, with an array of state-of-the art methods, the major immunological parameters that distinguish vaccine recipients developing robust antibody response and non-responders
- Peggy Riese
- , Stephanie Trittel
- & Carlos A. Guzmán
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Article
| Open AccessA fourth dose of the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine redistributes humoral immunity to the N-terminal domain
Despite the availability of booster doses against SARS-CoV-2, variants of concern are capable of escaping immune responses established by vaccination or natural infection. In this work, the authors detail the immune responses elicited in a cohort of healthcare workers, receiving a fourth dose of inactivated vaccine.
- Ji Wang
- , Caiguangxi Deng
- & Haipeng Xiao
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Article
| Open AccessIntranasal delivery of a rationally attenuated SARS-CoV-2 is immunogenic and protective in Syrian hamsters
Examples of effective live attenuated viral vaccines include the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine, as well as the chickenpox vaccine. In this work, the authors engineer a live attenuated SARS-CoV-2 virus that demonstrates attenuation in numerous in vivo models, and protection in hamsters upon challenge.
- Shufeng Liu
- , Charles B. Stauft
- & Tony T. Wang