Urethra articles from across Nature Portfolio

In this Review, the authors describe the evolution of vaginoplasty including surgical techniques, complications, and clinical and patient-reported outcomes and consider current controversies in techniques and areas for improvement.

Diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) is a common complication of diabetes. Hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress is thought to mediate functional changes in organs and tissues affected by DBD. In this Review, the authors provide an overview of mechanisms and consequences of oxidative stress, focusing on the role of diabetes-induced oxidative stress in generating dysfunctions at the level of the urothelium, smooth muscle contractility and nerve structures involved in DBD pathogenesis.