Toll-like receptors

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that recognize conserved structures that are associated with infection or tissue damage. Activation of TLRs promotes inflammatory responses.

Latest Research and Reviews

Research | 22 April 2022

Extracellular nucleoprotein exacerbates influenza virus pathogenesis by activating Toll-like receptor 4 and the NLRP3 inflammasome
- Chang-Ung Kim
- , Yu-Jin Jeong
- & Doo-Jin Kim
Cellular & Molecular Immunology 19, 715-725
Research
11 April 2022 | Open Access

Neurotropic EV71 causes encephalitis by engaging intracellular TLR9 to elicit neurotoxic IL12-p40-iNOS signaling
- Rai-Hua Lai
- , Yen-Hung Chow
- & Jyh-Lyh Juang
Cell Death & Disease 13, 328
Research
25 January 2022 | Open Access

Intrinsic cardiac adrenergic cells contribute to LPS-induced myocardial dysfunction

Yang et al report that intrinsic cardiac adrenergic cell-derived norepinephrine promotes myocardial dysfunction in response to LPS. They demonstrate norepinephrine produced by these cells activated β1-adrenergic receptors on cardiomyocytes increasing the expression of tumor necrosis factor-a in a Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II dependent manner.
- Duomeng Yang
- , Xiaomeng Dai
- & Huadong Wang
Communications Biology 5, 96
Research
07 October 2021 | Open Access

Cleavage of DNA and RNA by PLD3 and PLD4 limits autoinflammatory triggering by multiple sensors

Loss of function polymorphisms of phospholipase D3 and D4 are associated with inflammatory diseases and their function is unclear. Here the authors show that PLD3/4 function as RNAses and deletion of these proteins in mice leads to accumulation of ssRNA which exacerbates inflammation through TLR signalling.
- Amanda L. Gavin
- , Deli Huang
- & David Nemazee
Nature Communications 12, 5874
Research
24 August 2021 | Open Access

Modulation of Toll-like receptor 1 intracellular domain structure and activity by Zn²⁺ ions

Lushpa et al report the structure and dynamics of the TLR1 toll-interleukin like (TIR) cytoplasmic domain in both crystal and solution. They demonstrate that the TLR1 TIR domain is capable of specific binding of Zn with nanomolar affinity, which appears to be critical for receptor activation, and provide potential structures TLR1-TIR/Zn complex based on in silico data.
- Vladislav A. Lushpa
- , Marina V. Goncharuk
- & Konstantin S. Mineev
Communications Biology 4, 1003
Research
22 July 2021 | Open Access

An epigenetic GPI anchor defect impairs TLR4 signaling in the B cell transdifferentiation model for primary human monocytes BLaER1
- Julia Wegner
- , Thomas Zillinger
- & Martin Schlee
Scientific Reports 11, 14983

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News and Comment

Research Highlights | 27 May 2022

TLR7 drives human lupus
- Nicholas J. Bernard
Nature Immunology 23, 817
News & Views | 30 March 2022

IL-1-mediated inflammation induced by different RNA vaccines is context-specific

Systemic inflammatory responses generated by lipid-formulated RNA vaccines are driven by differential induction of pro- and anti-inflammatory interleukin-1 (IL-1) family members in mice and humans. Whereas RNA modifications can prevent these pro-inflammatory responses, certain lipid formulations used in the vaccines can induce IL-1-mediated innate immunity even in the absence of RNA.

Nature Immunology 23, 485-486
Research Highlights | 22 November 2021

Another function for red blood cells
- Nicholas J. Bernard
Nature Immunology 22, 1469
Research Highlights | 27 October 2021

Repeat elements amplify TLR signaling

A preprint by Rookhuizen and colleagues shows that endogenous transposable elements can boost the interferon response to TLR4 stimulation.
- Timothy O’Donnell
- & Nicolas Vabret
Nature Reviews Immunology 21, 760
Research Highlights | 26 October 2021

Red blood cells join the ranks as immune sentinels

New research shows that red blood cells express surface TLR9 that binds cell-free DNA, leading to erythrophagocytosis and innate immune activation.
- Kirsty Minton
Nature Reviews Immunology 21, 760-761
News & Views | 19 July 2021

Tpt1 the balance toward immunosuppression upon cell death

By engaging Toll-like receptor 2, translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) released from necrotic tumor cells can switch on an immunosuppressive network of monocytic and polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells to block antitumor immunity.
- Yuting Ma
Nature Immunology 22, 940-942

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Toll-like receptors

Latest Research and Reviews

Extracellular nucleoprotein exacerbates influenza virus pathogenesis by activating Toll-like receptor 4 and the NLRP3 inflammasome

Neurotropic EV71 causes encephalitis by engaging intracellular TLR9 to elicit neurotoxic IL12-p40-iNOS signaling

Intrinsic cardiac adrenergic cells contribute to LPS-induced myocardial dysfunction

Cleavage of DNA and RNA by PLD3 and PLD4 limits autoinflammatory triggering by multiple sensors

Modulation of Toll-like receptor 1 intracellular domain structure and activity by Zn²⁺ ions

An epigenetic GPI anchor defect impairs TLR4 signaling in the B cell transdifferentiation model for primary human monocytes BLaER1

News and Comment

TLR7 drives human lupus

IL-1-mediated inflammation induced by different RNA vaccines is context-specific

Another function for red blood cells

Repeat elements amplify TLR signaling

Red blood cells join the ranks as immune sentinels

Tpt1 the balance toward immunosuppression upon cell death

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