Prostate

Transgender women are extensively under-represented in national cancer databases. Improved representation is urgently needed to bridge the evidence gap for this growing population and to inform prostate cancer epidemiology and professional guidelines.

The treatment landscape for localized prostate cancer is rapidly evolving to achieve oncological disease control, simultaneously preserving gastrointestinal and genitourinary function. Focal therapy using cryoablation is an emerging treatment for prostate cancer. Short-term and intermediate-term clinical data on focal cryoablation therapy in prostate cancer have shown promising oncological and functional outcomes.

Growing evidence suggests that urinary and sexual functional outcomes after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer differ based on race, with Black men experiencing worse outcomes. Alongside efforts to improve quality and equity, incorporating patient-reported outcomes measures into patient care could improve equity in treatment outcomes for men with prostate cancer.

PSA dynamics and conventional imaging methods currently used to assess biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after definitive treatment with radiotherapy are insufficient, especially considering that different salvage options are available. Prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography (PSMA-PET) is a novel imaging method that was shown to be more accurate than conventional imaging in prostate cancer staging, and can have a role in detecting disease recurrence after radiotherapy.

Androgen deprivation therapy potentiates cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, which is the most common cause of non-cancer-related death in patients with prostate cancer. Whether the mode of testosterone suppression affects the risk of cardiovascular adverse events is unclear, especially as the 2021 PRONOUNCE trial — which aimed to compare the cardiovascular risks of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists with GnRH agonists — was prematurely terminated.