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Error-related signaling in nucleus accumbens D2 receptor-expressing neurons guides inhibition-based choice behavior in mice
The mechanisms that inhibit behaviors that lead to undesirable outcomes are not fully understood. Here, authors show error signaling via dopamine D2 receptor-expressing neurons in the NAc optimizes future choice by inhibiting incorrect behavior.
- Tadaaki Nishioka
- , Suthinee Attachaipanich
- & Takatoshi Hikida
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Social incentivization of instrumental choice in mice requires amygdala-prelimbic cortex-nucleus accumbens connectivity
Social experiences influence future decision making. The authors here establish a method for quantifying this phenomenon in mice and identify an amygdalo-frontal-striatal circuit controlling how social context shapes decisions.
- Henry W. Kietzman
- , Gracy Trinoskey-Rice
- & Shannon L. Gourley
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Cingulate-motor circuits update rule representations for sequential choice decisions
The anterior cingulate cortex allows an animal to update its behaviour when the environment changes. In this work, the authors identify a pathway from cingulate to secondary motor cortex, critical for updating motor rules following behavioural errors.
- Daigo Takeuchi
- , Dheeraj Roy
- & Susumu Tonegawa
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Dopamine encodes real-time reward availability and transitions between reward availability states on different timescales
Dopamine in the ventral striatum conveys a complex reward-associated signal. This study demonstrates how dopamine reflects sustained reward availability, and rapidly signals unexpected changes in availability.
- Abigail Kalmbach
- , Vanessa Winiger
- & Eleanor H. Simpson
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Information normally considered task-irrelevant drives decision-making and affects premotor circuit recruitment
Prior experience is used by the brain to guide adaptive behaviour during decision making. Here, the authors show that mice also selectively use information learned through recent and longer-term experience beyond just prior actions and reward to guide adaptive behaviour.
- Drew C. Schreiner
- , Christian Cazares
- & Christina M. Gremel
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Opposing roles for striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons in dorsolateral striatum in consolidating new instrumental actions
New instrumental learning occurs through an unexpected delivery of a rewarding stimulus or the withdrawal of a punishing stimulus. The authors show that D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the anterior dorsolateral striatum encode newly learned instrumental actions whereas D2 MSNs promote the expression of habitual actions.
- Alexander C. W. Smith
- , Sietse Jonkman
- & Paul J. Kenny
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Sensory substitution reveals a manipulation bias
The challenge of sensory substitution as a therapeutic approach is to design systems that are well accepted by subjects. Here, in deaf songbirds, the authors substitute hearing with vision, suggesting substitution devices could provide sensory feedback for the key actions that are deprived.
- Anja T. Zai
- , Sophie Cavé-Lopez
- & Richard H. R. Hahnloser
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Gestational alcohol exposure disrupts cognitive function and striatal circuits in adult offspring
Alcohol is the leading cause of preventable birth defects in the US, collectively referred to as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Here, the authors show that fetal alcohol exposure induces lasting neurophysiological changes in dorsal striatum that contribute to less efficient decision making.
- Verginia C. Cuzon Carlson
- , Christina M. Gremel
- & David M. Lovinger
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Mouse tracking reveals structure knowledge in the absence of model-based choice
Mouse tracking can reveal people’s subjective beliefs and whether they understand the structure of a task. These data demonstrate that people often do not use this information to make good choices.
- Arkady Konovalov
- & Ian Krajbich
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NMDA receptor-dependent plasticity in the nucleus accumbens connects reward-predictive cues to approach responses
Conditioned stimuli elicit phasic changes in nucleus accumbens (NAc) firing that invigorate approach responses to predicted rewards. Here the authors show that NAc neurons acquire cue-evoked responses during learning as a result of excitatory plasticity within the NAc.
- Mercedes Vega-Villar
- , Jon C. Horvitz
- & Saleem M. Nicola
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Cortical recruitment determines learning dynamics and strategy
Sounds vary in the strength of behavioural conditioning they can evoke, a property attributed to stimulus salience. Here, the authors show that stimulus salience the overall level of neuronal activity recruited in the auditory cortex is strongly related with its reinforcing strength.
- Sebastian Ceballo
- , Jacques Bourg
- & Brice Bathellier
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Retrospective model-based inference guides model-free credit assignment
The reinforcement learning literature suggests decisions are based on a model-free system, operating retrospectively, and a model-based system, operating prospectively. Here, the authors show that a model-based retrospective inference of a reward’s cause, guides model-free credit-assignment.
- Rani Moran
- , Mehdi Keramati
- & Raymond J. Dolan
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Feature-specific prediction errors and surprise across macaque fronto-striatal circuits
In order to adjust expectations efficiently, prediction errors need to be associated with the features that gave rise to the unexpected outcome. Here, the authors show that neurons in anterior fronto-striatal networks encode prediction errors that are specific to feature values of different stimulus dimensions.
- Mariann Oemisch
- , Stephanie Westendorff
- & Thilo Womelsdorf
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Early deprivation disruption of associative learning is a developmental pathway to depression and social problems
Early childhood deprivation such as institutionalization can greatly affect early development. Here, the authors study children who were raised in institutions but later randomly placed in foster care vs. not, to understand how early-life deprivation affects associative learning in adolescence.
- Margaret A. Sheridan
- , Katie A. McLaughlin
- & Charles A. Nelson
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Reward probability and timing uncertainty alter the effect of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons on patience
Activation of serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus promotes patience in waiting for future rewards. Here the authors show that this effect is maximal for high probability reward or high temporal reward uncertainty suggesting that it boosts the prior probability of reward.
- Katsuhiko Miyazaki
- , Kayoko W. Miyazaki
- & Kenji Doya
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Chronic alcohol exposure disrupts top-down control over basal ganglia action selection to produce habits
Drug dependence shifts the balance in action selection away from goal-directed to habitual responding. Here, the authors report that chronic passive exposure to alcohol leads to suppression of orbitofrontal cortex inputs to dorsomedial striatum resulting in downregulation of goal-directed behavior.
- Rafael Renteria
- , Emily T. Baltz
- & Christina M. Gremel
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Inhibiting Rho kinase promotes goal-directed decision making and blocks habitual responding for cocaine
Action-outcome learning requires the prelimbic prefrontal cortex. Here the authors report that fasudil, a Rho kinase inhibitor, reduces dendritic spine densities on prelimbic neurons in an activity-dependent manner, stimulating goal-directed actions, and reducing habitual responding for cocaine.
- Andrew M. Swanson
- , Lauren M. DePoy
- & Shannon L. Gourley
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Changes in cortical network connectivity with long-term brain-machine interface exposure after chronic amputation
Previous studies have shown short-term plasticity in single neurons or local field potentials during brain-machine interface (BMI) training. Here the authors report long-term changes in functional connectivity of motor cortex neuronal ensemble activity as chronically amputated monkeys learn to operate a BMI.
- Karthikeyan Balasubramanian
- , Mukta Vaidya
- & Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos
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Prior preferences beneficially influence social and non-social learning
People often assume that other people share their preferences, but how exactly this bias manifests itself in learning and decision-making is unclear. Here, authors show that a person's own preferences influence learning in both social and non-social situations, and that this bias improves performance.
- Tor Tarantola
- , Dharshan Kumaran
- & Benedetto De Martino
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Reinforcement determines the timing dependence of corticostriatal synaptic plasticity in vivo
Spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) has been studied extensively in slices but whether such pairings can induce plasticity in vivo is not known. Here the authors report an experimental paradigm that achieves bidirectional corticostriatal STDP in vivo through modulation by behaviourally relevant reinforcement signals, mediated by dopamine and adenosine signaling.
- Simon D. Fisher
- , Paul B. Robertson
- & John N.J. Reynolds
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Rule learning enhances structural plasticity of long-range axons in frontal cortex
The orbitofrontal cortex is associated with foraging behaviour yet the structural changes underlying such rule-based learning remain unclear. Here, the authors imaged OFC axons throughout a digging-based odour discrimination task and found correlations between the rate of bouton turnover and the behavioural strategies of individual mice.
- Carolyn M. Johnson
- , Hannah Peckler
- & Linda Wilbrecht
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Reward-timing-dependent bidirectional modulation of cortical microcircuits during optical single-neuron operant conditioning
The mammalian brain is able to rapidly adapt to environmental changes, but it is unclear how this occurs at the level of the single neuron. Hira et al.use two-photon calcium imaging of neurons in the mouse motor cortex after a lever-pull task to demonstrate rapid operant conditioning of single neurons.
- Riichiro Hira
- , Fuki Ohkubo
- & Masanori Matsuzaki
Dopamine release in human associative striatum during reversal learning