Innate lymphoid cells

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are tissue-resident immune cells recognizing lipid antigens. Here the authors find that liver, but not lung nor spleen, iNKT cells alter their transcriptome upon systemic treatment of lipid nanoparticles for the induction of regulatory B cells and suppression of liver and pancreas autoimmunity in mouse models.

How the immune system responds to epithelial cancers beyond neoantigen-driven adaptive immunity is poorly understood. Kansler et al. reveal an innate immune surveillance response mediated by cytotoxic ILC1 sensing of cancer cell-expressed IL-15.

Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) support localisation of immune cells in secondary lymphoid tissues but less is known about the lamina propria. Here the authors use scRNA-seq and intestinal infection to characterise FRCs in the intestinal lamina propria and show specialised niches that foster innate lymphoid cells during homeostasis and infection.

Genetic alteration can render tumor cells resistant to immune cell-mediated killing. Here based on a genome-wide CRISPR screening, the authors show that expression of CHMP2A confers tumor cell resistance to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, mechanistically involving CHMP2A-dependent regulation of extracellular vesicle secretion.

Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) have diverse phenotypes across different tissues and disease states. Recent insights into ILC2 biology raise new possibilities for the improved treatment of cancer and of metabolic, infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases.

When piglets are infected with intestinal virus, porcine intraepithelial lymphocytes undergo intra-and trans-epithelial migration promoted by chemokines from infected epithelial cells and produce an antiviral response.