Immunochemistry

Melatonin induces Parkin 1 dependent mitophagy in human umbilical vein endothelial cells through the AMPK/TFEB pathway, alleviating oxidative stress and apoptosis, which also enables skin flap survival in vivo.

Itaconate is an immunomodulatory macrophage metabolite. Mesaconate, a structurally similar molecule, is shown to be synthesized from itaconate in inflammatory macrophages and shows similar immunomodulatory effects, despite not repressing tricarboxylic acid cycle activity nor inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase activity.