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| Open AccessThe microbiome extends host evolutionary potential
The microbiome is becoming recognized as a key determinant of host phenotype. Here, Henry et al. present a framework for building our understanding of how the microbiome also influences host evolution, review empirical examples and research approaches, and highlight emerging questions.
- Lucas P. Henry
- , Marjolein Bruijning
- & Julien F. Ayroles
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Article
| Open AccessClimatic windows for human migration out of Africa in the past 300,000 years
It is still unclear when and by which route modern humans expanded out of Africa. Here, Beyer et al. use paleoclimate reconstructions and estimates of human precipitation requirements to evaluate the survivability of spatial and temporal migration corridors to Eurasia over the last 300,000 years.
- Robert M. Beyer
- , Mario Krapp
- & Andrea Manica
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Article
| Open AccessThe importance of species interactions in eco-evolutionary community dynamics under climate change
Understanding the dynamics of species interactions can help predict community responses to climate change. A spatially explicit model finds that species interactions and competition mitigate the harmful impacts of climate change, and that temperature-dependent competition makes communities more variable and responsive to changing climates.
- Anna Åkesson
- , Alva Curtsdotter
- & György Barabás
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Article
| Open AccessAdvancement in long-distance bird migration through individual plasticity in departure
Long-distance bird migration timing is thought to be relatively inflexible despite climate change. Here, based on 13 years of mark-resight and geolocator-tracking data on bar-tailed godwits, the authors report a 6-day advance of departure time which is explained by an unexpected degree of individual plasticity.
- Jesse R. Conklin
- , Simeon Lisovski
- & Phil F. Battley
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Article
| Open AccessTemperature heterogeneity correlates with intraspecific variation in physiological flexibility in a small endotherm
Theory predicts that organisms in varied environments should evolve to be more phenotypically flexible. Evidence combining genetic and physiological variation with thermal acclimation experiments shows that the thermogenic flexibility of wild juncos is greatest in populations where temperatures are most variable.
- Maria Stager
- , Nathan R. Senner
- & Zachary A. Cheviron
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Article
| Open AccessThe Welwitschia genome reveals a unique biology underpinning extreme longevity in deserts
Welwitschia mirabilis is a unique plant that only has two leaves, but it can survive in hostile conditions of the African desert. Here, the authors report its chromosome-level genome assembly and discuss how gene function and regulation have given rise to its unique morphology and environmental adaptions.
- Tao Wan
- , Zhiming Liu
- & Qingfeng Wang
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Article
| Open AccessDifferent environmental variables predict body and brain size evolution in Homo
Increasing body and brain size constitutes a key pattern in human evolution, but the mechanisms driving these changes remain debated. Using a large fossil dataset combined with global paleoclimatic reconstructions, the authors show that different environmental variables influenced the evolution of brain and body size in Homo.
- Manuel Will
- , Mario Krapp
- & Andrea Manica
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Article
| Open AccessSocial transmission in the wild can reduce predation pressure on novel prey signals
Many species learn through social transmission, which can alter co-evolutionary selection pressures. Experiments involving artificial prey and social networks show that wild birds can learn about unpalatable food by watching others, which helps explain the persistence of costly prey defences despite influxes of naïve juvenile predators.
- Liisa Hämäläinen
- , William Hoppitt
- & Rose Thorogood
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Article
| Open AccessToxoplasma gondii infections are associated with costly boldness toward felids in a wild host
The parasite causing toxoplasmosis can manipulate prey to behave in ways that promote transmission to the parasite’s definitive feline hosts. The first study consistent with this extended phenotype in the wild finds that infected hyena cubs approach lions more closely than uninfected peers and have higher rates of lion mortality.
- Eben Gering
- , Zachary M. Laubach
- & Thomas Getty
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Article
| Open AccessA subterranean adaptive radiation of amphipods in Europe
There are relatively few known extant adaptive radiations in Europe that predate the Pleistocene. Here, Borko et al. characterize the diversity and diversification of the subterranean amphipod genus Niphargus, showing evidence for a large adaptive radiation associated with massif uplift 15 million years ago.
- Špela Borko
- , Peter Trontelj
- & Cene Fišer
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Article
| Open AccessCoevolutionary transitions from antagonism to mutualism explained by the Co-Opted Antagonist Hypothesis
While there is strong evidence that many mutualisms evolved from antagonism, how or why remains unclear. A study combining theory and a data-based model sheds light on how mutualisms evolve without extremely tight host fidelity and how ecological context affects evolutionary outcomes and vice-versa.
- Christopher A. Johnson
- , Gordon P. Smith
- & Régis Ferrière
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Article
| Open AccessCommunity composition of microbial microcosms follows simple assembly rules at evolutionary timescales
Evolution affects microbial community composition, but it is still unknown how commonly compositions change, and how predictable such changes are. Using experimental evolution, Meroz et al. show that compositional changes typically occur within ~400 generations, and are predictable by a bottom-up approach.
- Nittay Meroz
- , Nesli Tovi
- & Jonathan Friedman
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Article
| Open AccessSize, microhabitat, and loss of larval feeding drive cranial diversification in frogs
The evolution of metamorphic species may be constrained by different ecologies of the larval and adult stages. Here, Bardua et al. show that in frogs, adult ecology is more important than larval ecology for skull evolution, but species that don’t feed as tadpoles evolve faster than those that do.
- Carla Bardua
- , Anne-Claire Fabre
- & Anjali Goswami
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Article
| Open AccessDistance to native climatic niche margins explains establishment success of alien mammals
Whether invasive species must first establish in conditions within their native climatic niche before spreading remains largely untested. This study presents the Niche Margin Index for estimating climatic niche-matching of alien mammal species to a particular site, which could be used to help predict the success of invasions.
- Olivier Broennimann
- , Blaise Petitpierre
- & Antoine Guisan
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Article
| Open AccessMale fertility thermal limits predict vulnerability to climate warming
Trait-based approaches assume upper critical thermal limits (CTLs) are good predictors of climate change vulnerability. Here, the authors show that male fertility thermal limits, which are lower than CTLs, are better at predicting Drosophila extinction in the lab, suggesting species may be living close to their thermal limits.
- Belinda van Heerwaarden
- & Carla M. Sgrò
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Article
| Open AccessReversed evolution of grazer resistance to cyanobacteria
Anthropogenic changes, such as eutrophication from lake pollution, can lead to rapid evolution. Comparing Daphnia resurrected from generations adapted to historical pollution to contemporary, post-cleanup populations finds that Daphnia rapidly reversed their evolved resistance to harmful cyanobacteria.
- Jana Isanta-Navarro
- , Nelson G. Hairston Jr
- & Dominik Martin-Creuzburg
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Article
| Open AccessDiel niche variation in mammals associated with expanded trait space
Most mammals are nocturnal, but a new analysis suggests that although most groups of species active at a particular time of day or night occupy different ecological niches, a surprisingly large proportion of species are more flexible in the timing of their activity than previously thought.
- D. T. C. Cox
- , A. S. Gardner
- & K. J. Gaston
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Article
| Open AccessThe evolution of critical thermal limits of life on Earth
Historical climate adaptation can give insight into the potential for adaptation to contemporary changing climates. Here Bennett et al. investigate thermal tolerance evolution across much of the tree of life and find different effects of ancestral climate on the subsequent evolution of ectotherms vs. endotherms.
- Joanne M. Bennett
- , Jennifer Sunday
- & Miguel Ángel Olalla-Tárraga
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Article
| Open AccessResponses of intended and unintended receivers to a novel sexual signal suggest clandestine communication
Parasitoid flies eavesdrop on the mating songs of male Hawaiian crickets, creating conflict between sexual and natural selection. Here, the authors investigate the selection acting on a recently evolved male mating signal, a “purring” song, which appears to be undetected by parasitoids.
- Robin M. Tinghitella
- , E. Dale Broder
- & David M. Zonana
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Article
| Open AccessGenomic evidence of prevalent hybridization throughout the evolutionary history of the fig-wasp pollination mutualism
Figs and their wasp pollinators are a classic example of coevolution. By assembling and analysing genomes from across the Ficus clade, authors suggest that fig hybridization driven by pollinator host-switching in this obligate pollination system, is more common than previously thought.
- Gang Wang
- , Xingtan Zhang
- & Jin Chen
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Article
| Open AccessExtreme temperatures compromise male and female fertility in a large desert bird
Climate change may pose a challenge not only for survival of animals but also for their reproduction. Here, Schou et al. analyse how male and female ostrich fertility relates to fluctuating temperature across 20 years, finding reduced fertility away from the thermal optimum, but also individual variation in thermal tolerance.
- Mads F. Schou
- , Maud Bonato
- & Charlie K. Cornwallis
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Article
| Open AccessGenome-wide macroevolutionary signatures of key innovations in butterflies colonizing new host plants
Arms races between herbivores and plants have likely affected their evolutionary histories, which could have led to their high diversity. Allio et al. find that butterflies shifting to new host plants have more adaptive molecular signatures across their genomes and show repeated bursts of speciation rates.
- Rémi Allio
- , Benoit Nabholz
- & Fabien L. Condamine
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Article
| Open AccessDomestication via the commensal pathway in a fish-invertebrate mutualism
It has been hypothesized that domestication can occur through the ‘commensal pathway’ in which the domesticate takes advantage of a niche created as a byproduct by the domesticator. Here, Brooker et al. provide evidence for a commensal domestication process between longfin damselfish and mysid shrimps.
- Rohan M. Brooker
- , Jordan M. Casey
- & William E. Feeney
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Article
| Open AccessEpidemiology and biology of a herpesvirus in rabies endemic vampire bat populations
Here, Griffiths et al. show infection of 80–100% of sampled vampire bats in Peru with a newly discovered betaherpesvirus (DrBHV) that exhibits specificity within neotropical bats and evidence for superinfection. These data suggest that DrBHV could be a candidate for virally vectored vaccines that spread autonomously through a bat population.
- Megan E. Griffiths
- , Laura M. Bergner
- & Daniel G. Streicker
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Article
| Open AccessMigrant birds and mammals live faster than residents
Migration is costly. In the first global analysis of migratory vertebrates, authors report that migratory birds and mammals have faster paces of life than their non-migratory relatives, and that among swimming and walking species, migrants tend to be larger, while among flying species, migrants are smaller.
- Andrea Soriano-Redondo
- , Jorge S. Gutiérrez
- & Stuart Bearhop
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Comment
| Open AccessIncreasing our ability to predict contemporary evolution
Classic debates concerning the extent to which scientists can predict evolution have gained new urgency as environmental changes force species to adapt or risk extinction. We highlight how our ability to predict evolution can be constrained by data limitations that cause poor understanding of deterministic natural selection. We then emphasize how such data limits can be reduced with feasible empirical effort involving a combination of approaches.
- Patrik Nosil
- , Samuel M. Flaxman
- & Zachariah Gompert
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Article
| Open AccessDietary diversity and evolution of the earliest flying vertebrates revealed by dental microwear texture analysis
Microwear patterns on teeth can be used to infer diet as different foods leave different marks. Here, Bestwick and colleagues analyse microwear from the teeth of pterosaurs—extinct flying reptiles colloquially known as “pterodactyls”—to reconstruct their dietary diversity and evolution.
- Jordan Bestwick
- , David M. Unwin
- & Mark A. Purnell
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Article
| Open AccessEvolution of communication signals and information during species radiation
Animal signals often encode information on the emitter’s species identity. Using woodpecker drumming as a model, here the authors show that limited signal divergence during a clade radiation does not impair species discrimination, as long as the signals are adapted to local ecological requirements.
- Maxime Garcia
- , Frédéric Theunissen
- & Nicolas Mathevon
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Article
| Open AccessFrugivore-fruit size relationships between palms and mammals reveal past and future defaunation impacts
Extinctions of megafauna can have cascading effects on their ecological communities. Here, Lim et al. investigate the relationships of historical and current mammalian frugivore body size with palm fruit size, then project how further mammal extinctions are likely to affect palm communities.
- Jun Ying Lim
- , Jens-Christian Svenning
- & W. Daniel Kissling
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Article
| Open AccessEcological uncertainty favours the diversification of host use in avian brood parasites
Nearly 17% of all bird species are hosts to obligate brood parasites like the common cuckoo. Antonson et al. show that parasite species hedge their reproductive bets by outsourcing parental care to a greater variety of host species when the rearing environment for their young is more unpredictable.
- Nicholas D. Antonson
- , Dustin R. Rubenstein
- & Carlos A. Botero
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Article
| Open AccessRecent declines in salmon body size impact ecosystems and fisheries
The average body size of salmon has declined rapidly over recent decades. Here the authors quantify changes in body size distributions for Pacific salmon in Alaska and examine the causes and consequences of size declines for ecosystems, food security, and commercial fisheries.
- K. B. Oke
- , C. J. Cunningham
- & E. P. Palkovacs
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Article
| Open AccessWithin-individual phenotypic plasticity in flowers fosters pollination niche shift
Floral phenotypes impact interactions between plants and pollinators. Here, the authors show that Moricandia arvensis displays discrete seasonal plasticity in floral phenotype, with large, lilac flowers attracting long-tongued bees in spring and small, rounded, white flowers attracting generalist pollinators in summer.
- José M. Gómez
- , Francisco Perfectti
- & Rubén Torices
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Article
| Open AccessRapid adaptation to invasive predators overwhelms natural gradients of intraspecific variation
Invasive species can influence the evolution of natives. Here, authors use common garden experiments to show that invasive predatory crayfish have homogenized the developmental timing of a native frog by selecting for more rapid development to avoid predation.
- Andrea Melotto
- , Raoul Manenti
- & Gentile Francesco Ficetola
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Article
| Open AccessTurning induced plasticity into refined adaptations during range expansion
Phenotypic robustness to environmental variation is seemingly at odds with evolvability. Here, the authors analyze carotenoid use and accommodation in feather development across a recent avian range expansion and show that cooption of a stress-buffering mechanism can reconcile robustness and evolvability.
- Ahva L. Potticary
- , Erin S. Morrison
- & Alexander V. Badyaev
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Article
| Open AccessBacterial symbionts support larval sap feeding and adult folivory in (semi-)aquatic reed beetles
Symbiotic microbes in insects can enable their hosts to access untapped nutritional resources. Here, the authors show that symbiotic bacteria in reed beetles can provide essential amino acids to sap-feeding larvae and help leaf-feeding adults to degrade pectin, respectively.
- Frank Reis
- , Roy Kirsch
- & Martin Kaltenpoth
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Article
| Open AccessGeometry and evolution of the ecological niche in plant-associated microbes
The ecological niche of host-associated microbes is defined by both abiotic and biotic dimensions. Here the authors analyse published data on fungal and oomycete pathogens of plants, demonstrating that specialization can evolve independently on abiotic and biotic axes and that interactions with host plants reduce thermal niche breadth.
- Thomas M. Chaloner
- , Sarah J. Gurr
- & Daniel P. Bebber
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Article
| Open AccessTrophic innovations fuel reef fish diversification
Both geography and ecology can drive the origins of new species. Siqueira et al. show how geological changes in the structure of Miocene reefs and the concurrent evolution of new feeding strategies combine to explain why coral reefs contain such a diversity of fish species.
- Alexandre C. Siqueira
- , Renato A. Morais
- & Peter F. Cowman
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Article
| Open AccessSexual signaling pattern correlates with habitat pattern in visually ornamented fishes
Sensory drive theory posits that selection on sexual signals should depend on the environmental background. Here, Hulse et al. analyze the spatial statistics of body patterning in 10 darter fish species and find a correlation with habitat spatial statistics only for males, consistent with sexual selection via sensory drive.
- Samuel V. Hulse
- , Julien P. Renoult
- & Tamra C. Mendelson
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Article
| Open AccessExposure to UV radiance predicts repeated evolution of concealed black skin in birds
In contrast to bird plumage, little is known about the evolution of bird skin color. Here, Nicolaï et al. find that black skin has evolved over 100 times in birds and is associated with baldness and/or white feathers as well as with high irradiation habitats, suggesting a role in UV protection.
- Michaël P. J. Nicolaï
- , Matthew D. Shawkey
- & Liliana D’Alba
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Article
| Open AccessEndemism patterns are scale dependent
Endemism is an important metric for conservation, but it may be sensitive to the measurement approach. Here Daru et al analyze global datasets of birds and amphibians and show that both weighted and phylogenetic endemism are scale dependent, across grain sizes, spatial extent and taxonomic treatment.
- Barnabas H. Daru
- , Harith Farooq
- & Søren Faurby
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Article
| Open AccessLong-term isolation of European steppe outposts boosts the biome’s conservation value
Europe hosts isolated remnants of the steppe belt that once covered much of Eurasia. Here the authors combine genomic data and ecological niche modelling on three plant and three insect species to show evolution independent of the zonal steppe and high conservation value of these extrazonal steppes.
- Philipp Kirschner
- , Eliška Záveská
- & Peter Schönswetter
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Article
| Open AccessThe morphology, molecular development and ecological function of pseudonectaries on Nigella damascena (Ranunculaceae) petals
Interspecies interactions, including those between plants and pollinators, can involve deception. The authors characterize the molecular development of Nigella damascena pseudonectaries, and their adaptive function in attracting specific pollinators to concealed nectaries with visual cues.
- Hong Liao
- , Xuehao Fu
- & Hongzhi Kong
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Article
| Open AccessIntegrating multiple sources of ecological data to unveil macroscale species abundance
Measurement of species abundance is fundamental in ecology, yet challenging at large spatial scales. Here, the authors show estimates of abundance of 1248 woody plant species over the East Asian islands that highlight macroevolutionary processes of biodiversity and the status of the national red listing.
- Keiichi Fukaya
- , Buntarou Kusumoto
- & Yasuhiro Kubota
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Article
| Open AccessPelagic fish predation is stronger at temperate latitudes than near the equator
One hypothesis for the latitudinal diversity gradient is based on an assumption of stronger species interactions at lower latitudes. Here, Roesti et al. estimate pelagic fish predation from long-term fishing records and find evidence of stronger predation at higher latitudes and with lower fish species richness.
- Marius Roesti
- , Daniel N. Anstett
- & Roi Holzman
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Article
| Open AccessThe base of the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone, Karoo Basin, predates the end-Permian marine extinction
The end-Permian is associated with major changes in both marine and terrestrial biodiversity. Here, Gastaldo et al. present high resolution dating of the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone in the Karoo Basin, South Africa, demonstrating that the marine crisis did not mirror a coeval event on land.
- Robert A. Gastaldo
- , Sandra L. Kamo
- & Anna M. Martini
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Article
| Open AccessLocally-adapted reproductive photoperiodism determines population vulnerability to climate change in burying beetles
Understanding whether intraspecific trait variation results from local adaptation or phenotypic plasticity is crucial to predict species responses to climate change. Here the authors investigate geographically distinct burying beetle populations, showing that photoperiodism is a locally adapted, not phenotypically plastic, trait.
- Hsiang-Yu Tsai
- , Dustin R. Rubenstein
- & Sheng-Feng Shen
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Article
| Open AccessEvolutionary conservation of within-family biodiversity patterns
Little is known about the phylogenetic conservation of higher-level properties. Here, the authors analyse the species distributions of 14 lichen families, 9 insect families, and 9 bird families in the Cantabrian mountains and show phylogenetic conservation of within-family biodiversity patterns.
- Paola Laiolo
- , Joaquina Pato
- & José Ramón Obeso
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Article
| Open AccessEvolutionary games with environmental feedbacks
Strategic game payoffs often depend on the state of the environment, which in turn can be influenced by game strategies. Here, Tilman et al. develop a general framework for modeling strategic games with environmental feedbacks and analyze case studies from decision-making, ecology, and economics.
- Andrew R. Tilman
- , Joshua B. Plotkin
- & Erol Akçay
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Article
| Open AccessBacterial adaptation is constrained in complex communities
A species’ ability to adapt to a new environment may be influenced by both intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. Here, Scheuerl et al. show that bacterial adaptation to low pH depends on not only its genome size and initial level of adaptation, but also the diversity of the community.
- Thomas Scheuerl
- , Meirion Hopkins
- & Thomas Bell