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| Open AccessPrediction error processing and sharpening of expected information across the face-processing hierarchy
Perception and neural processing of sensory information are influenced by prior expectations. Here the authors show investigate how prior expectations contribute to face processing in the brain.
- Annika Garlichs
- & Helen Blank
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Article
| Open AccessPosition- and scale-invariant object-centered spatial localization in monkey frontoparietal cortex dynamically adapts to cognitive demand
The neural basis of spatial localization is poorly understood. Here the authors showed that when planning a reach towards an object, neural coding in the frontoparietal network dynamically changes between allocentric and egocentric spatial reference frames where the transition is controlled by task demands.
- Bahareh Taghizadeh
- , Ole Fortmann
- & Alexander Gail
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Article
| Open AccessPerceptography unveils the causal contribution of inferior temporal cortex to visual perception
The precise role that inferotemporal cortex plays in object recognition remains poorly understood. Here, the authors combine high-throughput behavioral optogenetics in non-human primates with machine learning to graphically capture perceptual events evoked by local stimulation in the high-level visual cortex.
- Elia Shahbazi
- , Timothy Ma
- & Arash Afraz
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| Open AccessNeurocomputational mechanisms involved in adaptation to fluctuating intentions of others
Humans often interact without knowing the cooperative or competitive intentions of others. Here, the authors determined the neurocomputational mechanisms engaged in adapting to fluctuating intentions of others over repeated social interactions.
- Rémi Philippe
- , Rémi Janet
- & Jean-Claude Dreher
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Article
| Open AccessEEG decoders track memory dynamics
Successful memorization could be decoded from brain activity. Here the authors decode human memory success from EEG recordings, suggesting memory is linked to context.
- Yuxuan Li
- , Jesse K. Pazdera
- & Michael J. Kahana
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| Open AccessTiming along the cardiac cycle modulates neural signals of reward-based learning
Previous work has shown that natural cardiac rhythms modulate the perception and reaction to sensory cues through changes in associated neural signals. Here, the authors show that sensitivity to prediction errors during reward learning is related to the phase of the cardiac cycle.
- Elsa F. Fouragnan
- , Billy Hosking
- & Alejandra Sel
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| Open AccessAlignment of brain embeddings and artificial contextual embeddings in natural language points to common geometric patterns
Here, using neural activity patterns in the inferior frontal gyrus and large language modeling embeddings, the authors provide evidence for a common neural code for language processing.
- Ariel Goldstein
- , Avigail Grinstein-Dabush
- & Uri Hasson
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| Open AccessIntracortical recordings reveal vision-to-action cortical gradients driving human exogenous attention
How external stimuli capture our attention remains poorly understood. Here, the authors use a data-driven approach with human intracortical recordings to show that exogenous attention phenomena, such as inhibition of return, emerge at the intersection of visual and response signals across cortical gradients and timescales that shape the segregation of attentional events.
- Tal Seidel Malkinson
- , Dimitri J. Bayle
- & Paolo Bartolomeo
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| Open AccessA cerebro-cerebellar network for learning visuomotor associations
The extent of cerebellar contributions to non-motor learning remains unclear. Here, authors identify a cortico-cerebellar circuit in primates that plays a causal role in reinforcement-based learning of visuomotor associations.
- Naveen Sendhilnathan
- , Andreea C. Bostan
- & Michael E. Goldberg
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Comment
| Open AccessPopulation imaging cerebellar growth for personalized neuroscience
Growth chart studies of the human cerebellum, which is increasingly recognized as pivotal for cognitive development, are rare. Gaiser and colleagues utilized population-level neuroimaging to unveil cerebellar growth charts from childhood to adolescence, offering insights into brain development.
- Zi-Xuan Zhou
- & Xi-Nian Zuo
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| Open AccessA multi-demand operating system underlying diverse cognitive tasks
A consistent set of brain areas is engaged across diverse cognitive tasks. Here, the authors reveal a unifying latent brain state that predicts performance across seven tasks, linking a core control network to cognitive flexibility and adaptive behaviors.
- Weidong Cai
- , Jalil Taghia
- & Vinod Menon
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| Open AccessLocal orchestration of distributed functional patterns supporting loss and restoration of consciousness in the primate brain
The brain’s role in supporting consciousness is unclear. Here, authors show that global markers of consciousness in macaque cortex are suppressed by many anaesthetics, and restored by local stimulation of a thalamic nucleus that also induces awakening.
- Andrea I. Luppi
- , Lynn Uhrig
- & Rodrigo Cofre
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| Open AccessTemporally organized representations of reward and risk in the human brain
It is unclear how reward and risk are temporally organized in the human brain. Here, the authors demonstrate both sequential and parallel encoding of decision variables, and the role of anterior insula in reward- and risk-prediction error.
- Vincent Man
- , Jeffrey Cockburn
- & John P. O’Doherty
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| Open AccessNeural timescales reflect behavioral demands in freely moving rhesus macaques
The functional relevance of neural timescales is not fully understood. Here the authors demonstrate that neural timescales change with behavioral demands in freely moving macaques.
- Ana M. G. Manea
- , David J.-N. Maisson
- & Jan Zimmermann
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| Open AccessWalking modulates visual detection performance according to stride cycle phase
“Visual performance might vary during natural behaviour such as walking. Here, the authors use wireless virtual reality to show that oscillations in performance on a visual detection task were systematically linked to the phase of the stride cycle.”
- Matthew J. Davidson
- , Frans A. J. Verstraten
- & David Alais
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Article
| Open AccessData leakage inflates prediction performance in connectome-based machine learning models
The effects of data leakage on predictive models in neuroimaging studies are not well understood. Here, the authors show that data leakage via feature selection and repeated subjects drastically inflates prediction performance, whereas other forms of leakage have more minor effects.
- Matthew Rosenblatt
- , Link Tejavibulya
- & Dustin Scheinost
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| Open AccessMidbrain signaling of identity prediction errors depends on orbitofrontal cortex networks
Behaviour requires knowledge of cues and outcomes. Here the authors use neuromodulation of lateral orbitofrontal cortex and neuroimaging of error-related midbrain activity to reveal the neurocomputational mechanisms underlying reward identity learning.
- Qingfang Liu
- , Yao Zhao
- & Thorsten Kahnt
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Article
| Open AccessDirect contribution of the sensory cortex to the judgment of stimulus duration
The neural substrates of time perception are still unclear. Here, the authors show that as rats judged tactile stimuli, optogenetic manipulation of somatosensory cortex systematically altered perception of stimulus intensity and of duration, unveiling a multiplexed code.
- Sebastian Reinartz
- , Arash Fassihi
- & Mathew E. Diamond
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| Open AccessA neural signature for the subjective experience of threat anticipation under uncertainty
The neural systems which underlie the experience of anticipated threat under uncertainty are not well understood. Here, the authors find a whole-brain signature which specifically predicts anxious anticipation.
- Xiqin Liu
- , Guojuan Jiao
- & Benjamin Becker
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Article
| Open AccessTimbral effects on consonance disentangle psychoacoustic mechanisms and suggest perceptual origins for musical scales
Consonance is crucial to diverse musical styles and is traditionally attributed to simple frequency ratios between tones. Here, the authors show timbral effects on consonance that challenge this view and suggest perceptual origins for musical scales.
- Raja Marjieh
- , Peter M. C. Harrison
- & Nori Jacoby
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Article
| Open AccessA consistent map in the medial entorhinal cortex supports spatial memory
The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) is hypothesized to function as a cognitive map for memory-guided navigation. Here, the authors demonstrate that the establishment of a spatially consistent MEC map across learning correlates with, and is necessary for, successful spatial memory.
- Taylor J. Malone
- , Nai-Wen Tien
- & Yi Gu
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| Open AccessGrid-like entorhinal representation of an abstract value space during prospective decision making
Values of choice options often change over time. Here, the authors show that during prospective decision making the entorhinal cortex encodes changing values using a grid-like representation, suggesting the formation of a cognitive value map.
- Alexander Nitsch
- , Mona M. Garvert
- & Christian F. Doeller
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| Open AccessCortical depth profiles in primary visual cortex for illusory and imaginary experiences
Whether visual illusions and mental imagery are similarly represented in visual cortex is not well understood. Here, the authors show that imagery content is mainly detectable in deep layers of V1, whereas illusory content is decodable mainly from superficial layers.
- Johanna Bergmann
- , Lucy S. Petro
- & Lars Muckli
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| Open AccessEmergence of syntax and word prediction in an artificial neural circuit of the cerebellum
The role of the cerebellum in language processing remains unclear. Here, the authors use a biologically-constrained artificial cerebellar neural network to reveal a dual role of single circuit computation in syntax and word prediction.
- Keiko Ohmae
- & Shogo Ohmae
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| Open AccessStructural connectome architecture shapes the maturation of cortical morphology from childhood to adolescence
Cortical morphology shows maturation during childhood and adolescence. Here the authors show this is structurally constrained by a diffusion network model and that this constraint is linked to gene expression profiles of microstructural development.
- Xinyuan Liang
- , Lianglong Sun
- & Yong He
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| Open AccessAcoustic and language-specific sources for phonemic abstraction from speech
How speech sounds come to be understood as language remains unclear. Here, the authors find that brain responses to speech in part reflect abstraction of phonological units specific to the language being spoken, mediated through relationships between acoustic features.
- Anna Mai
- , Stephanie Riès
- & Timothy Q. Gentner
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Article
| Open AccessTrial-history biases in evidence accumulation can give rise to apparent lapses in decision-making
Trial-history biases and lapses are two commonly observed suboptimalities in decision-making that have been traditionally considered distinct. In this study, the authors show that they can both arise from a single underlying mechanism.
- Diksha Gupta
- , Brian DePasquale
- & Carlos D. Brody
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| Open AccessRamping dynamics and theta oscillations reflect dissociable signatures during rule-guided human behavior
The authors show that neuronal populations in the human prefrontal-motor network interact via two discernible communication modes – ramping dynamics and neural oscillations. These modes operate in concert to facilitate rule-guided behavior.
- Jan Weber
- , Anne-Kristin Solbakk
- & Randolph F. Helfrich
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| Open AccessHuman brain representations of internally generated outcomes of approximate calculation revealed by ultra-high-field brain imaging
How the brain represents quantities remains unclear. Here the authors identify dorsal stream sensory-motor integration areas as a candidate region for the internal generation of numerical contents during mental calculations.
- Sébastien Czajko
- , Alexandre Vignaud
- & Evelyn Eger
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Article
| Open AccessMapping expectancy-based appetitive placebo effects onto the brain in women
The neurocognitive mechanisms underlying placebo effects of hunger suggestion are not well understood. Here, the authors show that activation and interaction of different areas of the prefrontal cortex are related to the effects of hunger suggestions on food choice and evaluation.
- Iraj Khalid
- , Belina Rodrigues
- & Liane Schmidt
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Article
| Open AccessAwake ripples enhance emotional memory encoding in the human brain
The neural dynamics of emotional memory consolidation are not well understood. Here, the authors analyse intracranial recordings from human participants after emotional memory encoding, showing that ripple-locked activity in the amygdala and hippocampus is predictive of subsequent memory.
- Haoxin Zhang
- , Ivan Skelin
- & Jack J. Lin
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| Open AccessMapping causal links between prefrontal cortical regions and intra-individual behavioral variability
The neural substrates of intra-individual variability are not well understood. Here, the authors show in macaque monkeys that response time variability is decreased by lesions to the anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, while it is increased by lesions to the posterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex.
- Farshad Alizadeh Mansouri
- , Mark J. Buckley
- & Keiji Tanaka
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Article
| Open AccessPrefrontal signals precede striatal signals for biased credit assignment in motivational learning biases
People are more likely to take action when they expect a reward but hold back when expecting punishment. Here, the authors show that such motivational biases may stem from biased action outcome learning in cortico-striatal circuits.
- Johannes Algermissen
- , Jennifer C. Swart
- & Hanneke E. M. den Ouden
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| Open AccessInferring language dispersal patterns with velocity field estimation
Reconstructing language dispersal patterns is important for understanding cultural spread and demic diffusion. Here, the authors use a computational approach based on velocity field estimation to infer the dispersal patterns of Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Bantu, and Arawak language families.
- Sizhe Yang
- , Xiaoru Sun
- & Menghan Zhang
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Article
| Open AccessDopamine release in human associative striatum during reversal learning
Dopamine release in the brain is hypothesised to be related to unexpected changes in reward. Here, the authors combine PET and fMRI in humans to show individual differences in reward prediction error during a card guessing game are associated with dopamine receptor occupancy in the striatum.
- Filip Grill
- , Marc Guitart-Masip
- & Anna Rieckmann
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Article
| Open AccessSpontaneous emergence of rudimentary music detectors in deep neural networks
Music is processed by dedicated circuits in the brain. Here, the authors show that these circuits can spontaneously emerge in neural networks by learning natural sound processing, even without explicit training with music.
- Gwangsu Kim
- , Dong-Kyum Kim
- & Hawoong Jeong
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| Open AccessAsymmetric coding of reward prediction errors in human insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
It is unclear how dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and insula represent reward prediction errors. Here, the authors analyze human intracranial data to reveal spatially mixed, asymmetric coding of valence-specific and unsigned reward prediction errors, with insula leading dorsomedial prefrontal cortex.
- Colin W. Hoy
- , David R. Quiroga-Martinez
- & Robert T. Knight
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| Open AccessPersonalized functional brain network topography is associated with individual differences in youth cognition
Individual differences in cognitive abilities during childhood are associated with important outcomes in adolescence. Here, the authors show associations between youth cognition and individual-specific patterns of cortical brain network organization.
- Arielle S. Keller
- , Adam R. Pines
- & Theodore D. Satterthwaite
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| Open AccessRespiration modulates sleep oscillations and memory reactivation in humans
The memory function of sleep relies on the coordination of slow oscillations and spindles. Here the authors show that respiration is associated with the emergence and interplay of these sleep rhythms, and that this coupling is linked to memory reactivation.
- Thomas Schreiner
- , Marit Petzka
- & Bernhard P. Staresina
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| Open AccessIdentification of 5-HT2A receptor signaling pathways associated with psychedelic potential
Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor signaling mechanisms associated with predicting psychedelic potential remain elusive. Using 5-HT2A-selective β-arrestin-biased ligands, here the authors show that a threshold level of 5-HT2A-Gq efficacy and not β-arrestin recruitment is associated with psychedelic potential.
- Jason Wallach
- , Andrew B. Cao
- & John D. McCorvy
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| Open AccessMental search of concepts is supported by egocentric vector representations and restructured grid maps
Our brains use complementary egocentric and allocentric reference frames to represent target locations in the physical environment. Here, the authors show that similar mechanisms are recruited when people mentally search for concepts in memory.
- Simone Viganò
- , Rena Bayramova
- & Roberto Bottini
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Comment
| Open AccessAccelerating African neuroscience to provide an equitable framework using perspectives from West and Southern Africa
Drawing on perspectives from West and Southern Africa, this Comment critically examines the current state of neuroscience progress in Africa, describing the unique landscape and ongoing challenges as embedded within wider socio-political realities. Distinct research opportunities in the African context are explored to include genetic and bio-diversity, multilingual and multicultural populations, life-course development, clinical neuroscience and neuropsychology, with applications to machine learning models, in light of complex post-colonial legacies that often impede research progress. Key determinants needed to accelerate African neuroscience are then discussed, as well as cautionary underpinnings that together create an equitable neuroscience framework.
- Sahba Besharati
- & Rufus Akinyemi
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| Open AccessNeural substrates of parallel devaluation-sensitive and devaluation-insensitive Pavlovian learning in humans
This study shows evidence for multiple and distinct associative mechanisms involved in human Pavlovian learning, identifying putative neural correlates for the parallel expression of both devaluation sensitive and insensitive Pavlovian behaviors.
- Eva R. Pool
- , Wolfgang M. Pauli
- & John P. O’Doherty
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| Open AccessLongitudinal development of category representations in ventral temporal cortex predicts word and face recognition
Viewing categories like faces or words elicits unique patterns of responses in high-level visual cortex. Here, the authors show that distributed patterns for faces and words become more distinct during childhood and predict children’s recognition ability.
- Marisa Nordt
- , Jesse Gomez
- & Kalanit Grill-Spector
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Article
| Open AccessOpposing brain signatures of sleep in task-based and resting-state conditions
The associations between sleep, depression and brain activity are not well understood. Here, the authors show patterns of brain activity associated with insomnia and depression resemble those found in people who sleep less, but only under cognitive load. At rest, these activation patterns are hyperconnected and resemble those found in longer sleepers.
- Mohamed Abdelhack
- , Peter Zhukovsky
- & Daniel Felsky
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| Open AccessEmergence of the cortical encoding of phonetic features in the first year of life
To understand speech, our brains have to learn the different types of sounds that constitute words, including syllables, stress patterns and smaller sound elements, such as phonetic categories. Here, the authors provide evidence that at 7 months, the infant brain learns reliably to detect invariant phonetic categories.
- Giovanni M. Di Liberto
- , Adam Attaheri
- & Usha Goswami
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| Open AccessIntrospective inference counteracts perceptual distortion
People can have perceptual illusions that they realize are not real. Here, the authors show that this type of reality testing can be explained by a Bayesian inference model that incorporates introspective knowledge.
- Andra Mihali
- , Marianne Broeker
- & Guillermo Horga
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Article
| Open AccessElectrophysiological population dynamics reveal context dependencies during decision making in human frontal cortex
How neurons represent competing values during decision making remains poorly understood. Here, the authors find evidence that context modulates value representation in the human cortex.
- Wan-Yu Shih
- , Hsiang-Yu Yu
- & Shih-Wei Wu
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| Open AccessComplex 33-beam simulated galactic cosmic radiation exposure impacts cognitive function and prefrontal cortex neurotransmitter networks in male mice
Here the authors show in male mice that acute and chronic complex simulated galactic cosmic radiation exposure differentially reorganized prefrontal cortex neurotransmitter networks in vivo, which was associated with cognitive deficits.
- Rajeev I. Desai
- , Brian D. Kangas
- & Charles L. Limoli