Featured
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Review Article
| Open Access
Diagnosis and management of subarachnoid haemorrhage
Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, with its multisystem effects, presents a substantial challenge to clinicians. Here, the authors show the necessity for comprehensive multidisciplinary care and the urgent need for largescale studies to validate standardised treatment protocols for improved outcomes.
- Suneesh Thilak
- , Poppy Brown
- & Tonny Veenith
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Article
| Open Access
Automating General Movements Assessment with quantitative deep learning to facilitate early screening of cerebral palsy
General Movements Assessment (GMA) is useful in early prediction of cerebral palsy but necessitates trained professionals. Here, the authors show a quantitative deep learning-based method to automate GMA with strong performance, adhering to GMA principles and exhibiting robust interpretability.
- Qiang Gao
- , Siqiong Yao
- & Hui Lu
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Article
| Open Access
Near-infrared-IIb emitting single-atom catalyst for imaging-guided therapy of blood-brain barrier breakdown after traumatic brain injury
Monitoring the status of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative damage are key issues in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here, the authors design a near-infrared-IIb emitting Mn single-atom catalyst for imaging-guided therapy to alleviate ROS mediated neuroinflammation in the brain and simultaneously obtain timely feedback of therapeutic effect, promoting the reconstruction of BBB and recovery of neurological function after TBI in mice.
- Biao Huang
- , Tao Tang
- & Ran Cui
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Article
| Open Access
Wireless charging-mediated angiogenesis and nerve repair by adaptable microporous hydrogels from conductive building blocks
Traumatic brain injury can cause long-term disability and thus constitutes a substantial healthcare burden worldwide. Here, the authors report a conductive microporous hydrogel to improve angiogenesis and recovery of brain function in traumatic brain lesions.
- Ru-Siou Hsu
- , Ssu-Ju Li
- & Shang-Hsiu Hu
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Article
| Open Access
Serum metabolome associated with severity of acute traumatic brain injury
Traumatic brain injury is associated with changes to the metabolome. Here the authors show that acute traumatic brain injury has distinctive serum metabolic patterns which may suggest protective changes of systemic lipid metabolism aiming to maintain lipid homeostasis in the brain.
- Ilias Thomas
- , Alex M. Dickens
- & Tommaso Zoerle
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Article
| Open Access
Astrocytic phagocytosis contributes to demyelination after focal cortical ischemia in mice
Ischemic stroke can cause secondary demyelination. Whether phagocytic astrocytes can contribute to such demyelination is unclear. Here, the authors show that lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) expression increased in astrocytes upon injury. LCN-2 expressing astrocytes acquire a phagocytic phenotype and contribute to secondary demyelination in a mouse model of ischemic stroke.
- Ting Wan
- , Wusheng Zhu
- & Xinfeng Liu
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Article
| Open Access
Exposure to 16 h of normobaric hypoxia induces ionic edema in the healthy brain
Prolonged hypoxia, which can be due to stroke or ascent to high altitude, can lead to cerebral edema. Here, the authors used a combination of sodium and proton MRI and experimentally induced hypoxic conditions to identify the cause for brain swelling: Ionic edema, an intermediate between cytotoxic and vasogenic edema defined by sodium ion accumulation in extracellular space and an intact endothelium.
- Armin Biller
- , Stephanie Badde
- & Kai Schommer
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Article
| Open Access
Prokineticin-2 prevents neuronal cell deaths in a model of traumatic brain injury
Prokineticin-2 (Prok2) is a secreted protein involved in many physiological processes. Here, the authors show that Prok2 prevents neuronal cell ferroptosis after traumatic brain injury and its administration before cortical injury reduces neuronal degeneration, and motor and cognitive impairments.
- Zhongyuan Bao
- , Yinlong Liu
- & Jing Ji
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Article
| Open Access
Transplanted interneurons improve memory precision after traumatic brain injury
The brain’s capacity to produce new neurons in response to injury is limited. Here, the authors transplant GABAergic progenitor cells and show that they synaptically incorporate into the damaged hippocampus and rescue memory problems and post-traumatic seizures caused by traumatic brain injury.
- Bingyao Zhu
- , Jisu Eom
- & Robert F. Hunt
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Article
| Open Access
Model-based lesion mapping of cognitive control using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
The frontal cortex is involved in cognitive control, e.g. cognitive flexibility and behavioral inhibition, but the roles of frontal subdivisions are unclear. Here, the authors used computational modelling of cognitive control task performance to map lesions responsible for impairments in specific cognitive operations.
- Jan Gläscher
- , Ralph Adolphs
- & Daniel Tranel
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Article
| Open Access
Sleep-like cortical OFF-periods disrupt causality and complexity in the brain of unresponsive wakefulness syndrome patients
Many brain-injured patients retain large cortical islands that are intact, active and reactive but blocked in a state of low complexity, leading to unconsciousness. Here, the authors show that this loss of complexity is due to the pathological engagement of sleep-like neuronal mechanisms.
- M. Rosanova
- , M. Fecchio
- & M. Massimini
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Article
| Open Access
An intrinsic association between olfactory identification and spatial memory in humans
Olfaction, the sense of smell, may have originally evolved to aid navigation in space, but there is no direct evidence of a link between olfaction and navigation in humans. Here the authors show that olfaction and spatial memory abilities are correlated and rely on similar brain regions in humans.
- Louisa Dahmani
- , Raihaan M. Patel
- & Véronique D. Bohbot
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Article
| Open Access
Single cell molecular alterations reveal target cells and pathways of concussive brain injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects the hippocampus and can lead to neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here, the authors perform single-cell RNA sequencing to reveal molecular pathways across a range of cell types affected during TBI.
- Douglas Arneson
- , Guanglin Zhang
- & Xia Yang
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Article
| Open Access
Cis P-tau is induced in clinical and preclinical brain injury and contributes to post-injury sequelae
Induction of the cis form of phosphorylated tau (cis P-tau) has previously been shown to occur in animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and blocking this form of tau using antibody was beneficial in a rodent model of severe TBI. Here the authors show that cis P-tau induction is a feature of several different forms of TBI in humans, and that administration of cis P-tau targeting antibody to rodents reduces or delays pathological features of TBI.
- Onder Albayram
- , Asami Kondo
- & Xiao Zhen Zhou
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Article
| Open Access
A peptide for targeted, systemic delivery of imaging and therapeutic compounds into acute brain injuries
Accurate treatment of traumatic brain injuries, a leading cause of neurological disability and death in young people, is hampered by poor accumulation of drugs in the brain. Here, the authors describe a tetrapeptide that can efficiently target brain injuries and deliver therapeutic or diagnostic payload.
- Aman P. Mann
- , Pablo Scodeller
- & Erkki Ruoslahti
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Article
| Open Access
Microglia protect against brain injury and their selective elimination dysregulates neuronal network activity after stroke
How microglia contribute to brain injury or repair is unclear. Here combining microglia manipulations and calcium imaging, the authors show that selective elimination of microglia leads to disrupted neuronal calcium dynamics and markedly increased brain injury after cerebral ischemia.
- Gergely Szalay
- , Bernadett Martinecz
- & Ádám Dénes
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Article
| Open Access
Rapid endothelial cytoskeletal reorganization enables early blood–brain barrier disruption and long-term ischaemic reperfusion brain injury
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) released from infiltrating immune cells are a major contributor to blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown following stroke. Here, the authors identify an early, MMP-independent BBB breakdown mechanism caused by rapid cytoskeletal rearrangements in endothelial cells, which could be inhibited by ADF.
- Yejie Shi
- , Lili Zhang
- & Jun Chen
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Article
| Open Access
Topological data analysis for discovery in preclinical spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury
Data-driven discovery in complex neurological disorders has potential to extract meaningful knowledge from large, heterogeneous datasets. Here the authors apply topological data analysis to assess therapeutic effects in preclinical traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury research studies.
- Jessica L. Nielson
- , Jesse Paquette
- & Adam R. Ferguson
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Article
| Open Access
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase is essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and contributes to ischaemic brain injury
Activation of inflammasome contributes to several pathologies. Here, the authors show that Bruton’s tyrosine kinase is essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and that blocking it with the FDA-approved inhibitor ibrutinib limits tissue damage in a mouse model of ischaemic stroke.
- Minako Ito
- , Takashi Shichita
- & Rimpei Morita
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The mTORC1 effectors S6K1 and 4E-BP play different roles in CNS axon regeneration
Activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 in mature retinal ganglion cells promotes axonal regeneration in a mouse optic nerve crush model but the role of its downstream effectors is not clear. Here the authors show that S6K1 plays a dual role in axon regeneration, whereas 4E-BP inhibition is not sufficient but necessary for axon regeneration.
- Liu Yang
- , Linqing Miao
- & Yang Hu
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Prompt meningeal reconstruction mediated by oxygen-sensitive AKAP12 scaffolding protein after central nervous system injury
Reconstruction of damaged meninges is important for reducing neuronal damage after a brain injury. Here the authors identify AKAP12 as an effector that modulates meningeal reconstruction, and show that its expression is regulated by the upstream signals TGF-ß1, retinoic acid and oxygen tension.
- Jong-Ho Cha
- , Hee-Jun Wee
- & Kyu-Won Kim
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The metastasis-promoting S100A4 protein confers neuroprotection in brain injury
Multifunctional S100 proteins are upregulated in brain injury, but their role in neurodegeneration is not clear. Dmytriyeva and colleagues study in vivomodels of brain trauma and find that the S100A4 protein and its peptide mimetics protect neurons via the interleukin-10 receptor and the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT pathway.
- Oksana Dmytriyeva
- , Stanislava Pankratova
- & Darya Kiryushko
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Article
| Open Access
Targeted suppression of claudin-5 decreases cerebral oedema and improves cognitive outcome following traumatic brain injury
Claudin-5 is a component of tight junctions and has important roles in mediating the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Campbell and co-workers administer short interfering RNA against claudin-5 in a model of brain injury, finding that it enhances water movement from the brain to the blood and alleviates swelling.
- Matthew Campbell
- , Finnian Hanrahan
- & Peter Humphries
Identification of the growth cone as a probe and driver of neuronal migration in the injured brain