CO₂ flux emissions from the Earth’s most actively degassing volcanoes, 2005–2015

• The global carbon dioxide (CO2) flux from subaerial volcanoes remains poorly quantified, limiting... ...to extrapolate the global volcanic CO2 flux have been biased by... ...relatively small number of accessible volcanoes. Here, we propose that... ...but yet unmeasured, CO2 emissions from several...

• Alessandro Aiuppa
• , Tobias P. Fischer
• , Terry Plank
•  & Philipson Bani

The emissions of CO₂ and other volatiles from the world’s subaerial volcanoes

• Volcanoes are the main pathway to... ...the Earth. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is of particular interest... ...forcing. Understanding the balance of CO2 that is transferred from the... ...long-term emissions of volcanic CO2 to the atmosphere. Here... ...world’s volcanic CO2 emissions that takes... ...CO2-...CO2

• Tobias P. Fischer
• , Santiago Arellano
• , Simon Carn
• , Alessandro Aiuppa
• , Bo Galle
• , Patrick Allard
• , Taryn Lopez
• , Hiroshi Shinohara
• , Peter Kelly
• , Cynthia Werner
• , Carlo Cardellini
•  & Giovanni Chiodini

Highly explosive basaltic eruptions driven by CO₂ exsolution

• ...Raman spectroscopy, yielding high total CO2 (approaching 6000 ppm) and... ...entrapment of melt and exsolved CO2 and provides evidence for an... exsolved CO2 phase at magma storage depths... ...We argue that this exsolved CO2 phase played a critical role... ...(high S and CO2), even modest...

• Chelsea M. Allison
• , Kurt Roggensack
•  & Amanda B. Clarke

Deep versus shallow sources of CO₂ and Rn from a multi-parametric approach: the case of the Nisyros caldera (Aegean Arc, Greece)

• Estimating the quantity of CO2 diffusively emitted from the Earth... ...volcanic surveillance and global atmospheric CO2 budgets. However, the identification... ...of non-hydrothermal contributions to CO2 release can be ambiguous.... ...measured diffuse soil surface CO2 fluxes, together with...

• Giulio Bini
• , Giovanni Chiodini
• , Carlo Lucchetti
• , Piergiorgio Moschini
• , Stefano Caliro
• , Silvio Mollo
• , Jacopo Selva
• , Paola Tuccimei
• , Gianfranco Galli
•  & Olivier Bachmann

Short-lived climate forcers have long-term climate impacts via the carbon–climate feedback

• ...a shorter atmospheric lifetime than CO2 and are often assumed to... ...affect carbon sinks and atmospheric CO2, causing additional climate change.... ...Earth system model to attribute CO2 RF to direct CO2 emissions and to climate–carbon... ...%) to total RF of CO2 in 2010. Of this,... ...CO2...

• Bo Fu
• , Thomas Gasser
• , Bengang Li
• , Shu Tao
• , Philippe Ciais
• , Shilong Piao
• , Yves Balkanski
• , Wei Li
• , Tianya Yin
• , Luchao Han
• , Xinyue Li
• , Yunman Han
• , Jie An
• , Siyuan Peng
•  & Jing Xu

Volatile budget of Kilauea volcano

• ...in the reservoirs of active volcanoes has an important bearing on... ...of magma from the Kilauea volcano. Our results are combined... ...the volatile budget of the volcano.

• Terrence M. Gerlach
•  & Edward J. Graeber

Deep long period volcanic earthquakes generated by degassing of volatile-rich basaltic magmas

• ...DLP) earthquakes observed beneath active volcanoes are sometimes considered as precursors... ...earthquakes observed beneath the Klyuchevskoy volcano (Kamchatka, Russia) can... ...the DLP swarms beneath active volcanoes might be related to the...

• Oleg Melnik
• , Vladimir Lyakhovsky
• , Nikolai M. Shapiro
• , Natalia Galina
•  & Olga Bergal-Kuvikas

Genomic adaptation of Pseudomonas strains to acidity and antibiotics in hydrothermal vents at Kolumbo submarine volcano, Greece

• ...isolated from an active submarine volcano of Greece, the Kolumbo volcano. Our goal was to... ...provides strong evidence that the CO2-rich seawater of the volcano associated with low pH might...

• Panos Bravakos
• , Manolis Mandalakis
• , Paraskevi Nomikou
• , Thekla I. Anastasiou
• , Jon Bent Kristoffersen
• , Melanthia Stavroulaki
• , Stephanos Kilias
• , Georgios Kotoulas
• , Antonios Magoulas
•  & Paraskevi N. Polymenakou

Abundant carbon in the mantle beneath Hawai‘i

• ..., and the carbon cycle. CO2 concentrations in mantle-derived magmas... supplying hotspot ocean island volcanoes yield our most direct constraints... ...information at an ocean island volcano. Our CO2 concentration estimates do not rely... ..., we couple volcanic CO2 emission rates with... ...CO2...

• Kyle R. Anderson
•  & Michael P. Poland

Displaced cratonic mantle concentrates deep carbon during continental rifting

• ...sources of mantle carbon dioxide (CO2) emission into Earth’s... ...the lithospheric mantle4–6, rift CO2 flux depends on lithospheric processes... ...System. Sources and fluxes of CO2 and helium are examined over... ...to south. Areas of diffuse CO2 degassing exhibit increasing mantle CO2 flux and...

• James D. Muirhead
• , Tobias P. Fischer
• , Sarah J. Oliva
• , Amani Laizer
• , Jolante van Wijk
• , Claire A. Currie
• , Hyunwoo Lee
• , Emily J. Judd
• , Emmanuel Kazimoto
• , Yuji Sano
• , Naoto Takahata
• , Christel Tiberi
• , Stephen F. Foley
• , Josef Dufek
• , Miriam C. Reiss
•  & Cynthia J. Ebinger

Great Oxidation and Lomagundi events linked by deep cycling and enhanced degassing of carbon

• ...that resulted in increased volcanic CO2 emissions could have led to... ...release of carbonates at arc volcanoes and deep recycling of organic...  C to ocean island volcanoes, we find that such...

• James Eguchi
• , Johnny Seales
•  & Rajdeep Dasgupta

The control of magma crystallinity on the fluctuations in gas composition at open vent basaltic volcanoes

• Basaltic open vent volcanoes are major global sources of... ...volcanic gases. Many of these volcanoes outgas via intermittent Strombolian-type... ...the explosions has high molar CO2/SO2 and SO2/HCl ratios...

• Julia Woitischek
• , Marie Edmonds
•  & Andrew W. Woods

Monitoring diffuse volcanic degassing during volcanic unrests: the case of Campi Flegrei (Italy)

• In volcanoes with active hydrothermal systems,... diffuse CO2 degassing may constitute the primary... ...volcanic degassing. The monitoring of CO2 emissions can provide important clues... ...we report eighteen years of CO2 fluxes from the soil at... ...largest of diffuse CO2 degassing ever produced...

• C. Cardellini
• , G. Chiodini
• , F. Frondini
• , R. Avino
• , E. Bagnato
• , S. Caliro
• , M. Lelli
•  & A. Rosiello

Significant discharge of CO₂ from hydrothermalism associated with the submarine volcano of El Hierro Island

• ...residual hydrothermalism associated with submarine volcanoes, following an eruption event,... ...role in the supply of CO2 to the ocean. The... emitted CO2 increases the acidity of seawater... . The submarine volcano of El Hierro, in... ...the effect of volcanic CO2 on the seawater carbonate...

• J. M. Santana-Casiano
• , E. Fraile-Nuez
• , M. González-Dávila
• , E. T. Baker
• , J. A. Resing
•  & S. L. Walker

Accelerated discovery of CO₂ electrocatalysts using active machine learning

• ...need to replace carbon dioxide (CO2)-emitting fossil fuels with... ...is the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to chemical feedstocks, which... uses both CO2 and renewable energy3–8.... ...machine learning, that efficiently reduce CO2 to ethylene with the highest... ...selective CO2 reduction17....

• Miao Zhong
• , Kevin Tran
• , Yimeng Min
• , Chuanhao Wang
• , Ziyun Wang
• , Cao-Thang Dinh
• , Phil De Luna
• , Zongqian Yu
• , Armin Sedighian Rasouli
• , Peter Brodersen
• , Song Sun
• , Oleksandr Voznyy
• , Chih-Shan Tan
• , Mikhail Askerka
• , Fanglin Che
• , Min Liu
• , Ali Seifitokaldani
• , Yuanjie Pang
• , Shen-Chuan Lo
• , Alexander Ip
• , Zachary Ulissi
•  & Edward H. Sargent

Sea level fall during glaciation stabilized atmospheric CO₂ by enhanced volcanic degassing

• ...changes, volcanic degassing and atmospheric CO2, which may have modulated... ...records gradually declined, while atmospheric CO2, instead of continuing its... ...a surge in magma and CO2 fluxes from mid-ocean ridges... and oceanic hotspot volcanoes. Our results reveal a... ...atmospheric CO2...

• Jörg Hasenclever
• , Gregor Knorr
• , Lars H. Rüpke
• , Peter Köhler
• , Jason Morgan
• , Kristin Garofalo
• , Stephen Barker
• , Gerrit Lohmann
•  & Ian R. Hall

Combined ground and aerial measurements resolve vent-specific gas fluxes from a multi-vent volcano

• Volcanoes with multiple summit vents present... ...compositions and fluxes for Stromboli volcano. Emissions from vent areas... ...negligible passive fluxes and are CO2-dominated, even during passive... ...-specific approach at multi-vent volcanoes and suggest that our approach... ...in volcano...

• T. D. Pering
• , E. J. Liu
• , K. Wood
• , T. C. Wilkes
• , A. Aiuppa
• , G. Tamburello
• , M. Bitetto
• , T. Richardson
•  & A. J. S. McGonigle

New ground-based lidar enables volcanic CO₂ flux measurements

• ...monitor the activity of hazardous volcanoes in recent decades. However,... ...been a key aspect of volcano monitoring since these mobile fluids... ...measuring the flux of volcanic CO2—the most reliable gas precursor... ...quantitative measurements of the volcanic CO2 flux using a newly designed...

• Alessandro Aiuppa
• , Luca Fiorani
• , Simone Santoro
• , Stefano Parracino
• , Marcello Nuvoli
• , Giovanni Chiodini
• , Carmine Minopoli
•  & Giancarlo Tamburello

Return to different climate states by reducing sulphate aerosols under future CO₂ concentrations

• ...present and doubled carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations with a climate... ...reducing SO2 emissions at high CO2 concentrations will significantly enhance atmospheric... ...with that under the present CO2 concentration. In the high... ...zero under a doubled CO2 concentration will be approximately...

• Toshihiko Takemura

Massive and prolonged deep carbon emissions associated with continental rifting

• ...atmosphere mostly via degassing of CO2 from active volcanoes1,2,3... ,4. CO2 can also escape along faults... ...use measurements of diffuse soil CO2, combined with carbon isotopic... ...to quantify the flux of CO2 through fault systems away from... active volcanoes in the East African Rift...

• Hyunwoo Lee
• , James D. Muirhead
• , Tobias P. Fischer
• , Cynthia J. Ebinger
• , Simon A. Kattenhorn
• , Zachary D. Sharp
•  & Gladys Kianji

Bismuth atom tailoring of indium oxide surface frustrated Lewis pairs boosts heterogeneous CO₂ photocatalytic hydrogenation

• ...sites to activate H2 and CO2 molecules and enable efficient gas... -phase CO2 photocatalysis. Lattice engineering of... ...enhancing the propensity to activate CO2 molecules. The so-formed... ...atom-scale engineering in heterogeneous CO2 photocatalysis, another step towards... ...of the solar CO2...

• Tingjiang Yan
• , Na Li
• , Linlin Wang
• , Weiguang Ran
• , Paul N. Duchesne
• , Lili Wan
• , Nhat Truong Nguyen
• , Lu Wang
• , Meikun Xia
•  & Geoffrey A. Ozin

Geological CO₂ quantified by high-temporal resolution stable isotope monitoring in a salt mine

• The relevance of CO2 emissions from geological sources to... ...-term dynamics of diffusive geogenic CO2 emissions are mostly unknown.... While geogenic CO2 is considered a challenging threat... ...Stable carbon isotope monitoring of CO2 allows partitioning geogenic from anthropogenic... ...CO2...

• Alexander H. Frank
• , Robert van Geldern
• , Anssi Myrttinen
• , Martin Zimmer
• , Johannes A. C. Barth
•  & Bettina Strauch

Magmas near the critical degassing pressure drive volcanic unrest towards a critical state

• During the reawaking of a volcano, magmas migrating through the... ...impairs the ability to interpret volcano monitoring signals and perform hazard... ...CDP at Campi Flegrei, a volcano in the metropolitan area of...

• Giovanni Chiodini
• , Antonio Paonita
• , Alessandro Aiuppa
• , Antonio Costa
• , Stefano Caliro
• , Prospero De Martino
• , Valerio Acocella
•  & Jean Vandemeulebrouck

Petit-spot as definitive evidence for partial melting in the asthenosphere caused by CO₂

• ...conductivity due to carbon dioxide (CO2)-induced partial melting are... ...to the genesis of primitive CO2-rich alkali magma forming petit... -spot volcanoes at the deformation front of... ...lower lithosphere, we conclude that CO2-rich silicate melt is always...

• Shiki Machida
• , Tetsu Kogiso
•  & Naoto Hirano

The 2017–19 activity at Mount Agung in Bali (Indonesia): Intense unrest, monitoring, crisis response, evacuation, and eruption

• ...September and early October, the volcano did not start erupting until... ...population of Bali near the volcano, including over 140,000... ...from the viewpoint of the volcano observatory and other scientists responding... ...forecast the behavior of the volcano, to quantify exclusion zones...

• D. K. Syahbana
• , K. Kasbani
• , G. Suantika
• , O. Prambada
• , A. S. Andreas
• , U. B. Saing
• , S. L. Kunrat
• , S. Andreastuti
• , M. Martanto
• , E. Kriswati
• , Y. Suparman
• , H. Humaida
• , S. Ogburn
• , P. J. Kelly
• , J. Wellik
• , H. M. N. Wright
• , J. D. Pesicek
• , R. Wessels
• , C. Kern
• , M. Lisowski
• , A. Diefenbach
• , M. Poland
• , F. Beauducel
• , J. Pallister
• , R. G. Vaughan
•  & J. B. Lowenstern

Eruptive and diffuse emissions of CO₂ from Mount Etna

• ...the upper flanks of the volcano. By combining measurements of... ...paper) with measurements of the CO2/SO2 ratio of the plume... ...that the average output of CO2 from summit crater degassing is... ...magnitude higher than the annual CO2 output from Kilauea7,8,... ...emissions of CO2 from the...

• P. Allard
• , J. Carbonnelle
• , D. Dajlevic
• , J. Le Bronec
• , P. Morel
• , M. C. Robe
• , J. M. Maurenas
• , R. Faivre-Pierret
• , D. Martin
• , J. C. Sabroux
•  & P. Zettwoog

Temperature, fossil CO₂ accumulation and carbonate ion concentration of the oceanic mixed layer

• ...a dramatic accumulation of fossil CO2 in the oceanic mixed layer...

• M. WHITFIELD

Leaf proteome modulation and cytological features of seagrass Cymodocea nodosa in response to long-term high CO₂ exposure in volcanic vents

• ...long-term exposure to high CO2 emissions, and compared with...

• Amalia Piro
• , Letizia Bernardo
• , Ilia Anna Serra
• , Isabel Barrote
• , Irene Olivé
• , Monya M. Costa
• , Luigi Lucini
• , Rui Santos
• , Silvia Mazzuca
•  & João Silva

Carbon isotope evidence for large methane emissions to the Proterozoic atmosphere

• ...would have drowned down atmospheric CO2.

• Pierre Cadeau
• , Didier Jézéquel
• , Christophe Leboulanger
• , Eric Fouilland
• , Emilie Le Floc’h
• , Carine Chaduteau
• , Vincent Milesi
• , Julia Guélard
• , Gérard Sarazin
• , Amandine Katz
• , Sophie d’Amore
• , Cécile Bernard
•  & Magali Ader

Inverse ZrO₂/Cu as a highly efficient methanol synthesis catalyst from CO₂ hydrogenation

• ...heterogeneous methanol synthesis catalysts through CO2 hydrogenation is one of the... major topics in CO2 conversion into value-added liquid... ...method, showing excellent performance for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Under... ...highly active for the CO2 activation. Meanwhile, an... ...CO2...

• Congyi Wu
• , Lili Lin
• , Jinjia Liu
• , Jingpeng Zhang
• , Feng Zhang
• , Tong Zhou
• , Ning Rui
• , Siyu Yao
• , Yuchen Deng
• , Feng Yang
• , Wenqian Xu
• , Jun Luo
• , Yue Zhao
• , Binhang Yan
• , Xiao-Dong Wen
• , José A. Rodriguez
•  & Ding Ma

The dynamics of large silicic systems from satellite remote sensing observations: the intriguing case of Domuyo volcano, Argentina

• ...systems are the most dangerous volcanoes on Earth, capable of... ...a large silicic system: Domuyo volcano, in Argentina. We find...

• Paul Lundgren
• , Társilo Girona
• , Mary Grace Bato
• , Vincent J. Realmuto
• , Sergey Samsonov
• , Carlos Cardona
• , Luis Franco
• , Eric Gurrola
•  & Michael Aivazis

A new frontier in CO₂ flux measurements using a highly portable DIAL laser system

• Volcanic CO2 emissions play a key role... ...cycle and monitoring of volcanic CO2 fluxes helps to forecast eruptions... . The quantification of CO2 fluxes is challenging due to... rapid dilution of magmatic CO2 in CO2-rich ambient air and the... ...in the global magmatic CO2 flux inventory. Here,...CO2

• Manuel Queiβer
• , Domenico Granieri
•  & Mike Burton

New evidence for degassing processes during explosive eruptions

• ...plinian deposits of five different volcanoes. We interpret the pore...

• R. S. J. Sparks
•  & S. Brazier

Crystal scavenging from mush piles recorded by melt inclusions

• ...their carrier melts at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai’i. Within a... ...-entrapment crystallization and sequestration of CO2 into vapour bubbles, producing...

• Penny E. Wieser
• , Marie Edmonds
• , John Maclennan
• , Frances E. Jenner
•  & Barbara E. Kunz

Opportunities and challenges in using remaining carbon budgets to guide climate policy

• ...represents the total amount of CO2 that can still be emitted...

• H. Damon Matthews
• , Katarzyna B. Tokarska
• , Zebedee R. J. Nicholls
• , Joeri Rogelj
• , Josep G. Canadell
• , Pierre Friedlingstein
• , Thomas L. Frölicher
• , Piers M. Forster
• , Nathan P. Gillett
• , Tatiana Ilyina
• , Robert B. Jackson
• , Chris D. Jones
• , Charles Koven
• , Reto Knutti
• , Andrew H. MacDougall
• , Malte Meinshausen
• , Nadine Mengis
• , Roland Séférian
•  & Kirsten Zickfeld

Towards an intelligent design of molecular electrocatalysts

• ...primary intermediate by constructing a volcano plot. The attractiveness and...

• Cyrille Costentin
•  & Jean-Michel Savéant

Clues on the origin of post-2000 earthquakes at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy)

• G. Chiodini
• , J. Selva
• , E. Del Pezzo
• , D. Marsan
• , L. De Siena
• , L. D’Auria
• , F. Bianco
• , S. Caliro
• , P. De Martino
• , P. Ricciolino
•  & Z. Petrillo

The reductive glycine pathway allows autotrophic growth of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans

• Six CO2 fixation pathways are known to... ...reveal that D. desulfuricans assimilates CO2 via the reductive glycine pathway... , a seventh CO2 fixation pathway. In this... pathway, CO2 is first reduced to formate... ...and condensed with a second CO2 to generate glycine. Glycine... ...CO2 to form...

• Irene Sánchez-Andrea
• , Iame Alves Guedes
• , Bastian Hornung
• , Sjef Boeren
• , Christopher E. Lawson
• , Diana Z. Sousa
• , Arren Bar-Even
• , Nico J. Claassens
•  & Alfons J. M. Stams

Deep roots for mid-ocean-ridge volcanoes revealed by plagioclase-hosted melt inclusions

• ...demonstrate that mid-ocean-ridge volcanoes may have magmatic roots deep...

• Emma N. Bennett
• , Frances E. Jenner
• , Marc-Alban Millet
• , Katharine V. Cashman
•  & C. Johan Lissenberg

CREPT is required for murine stem cell maintenance during intestinal regeneration

• Liu Yang
• , Haiyan Yang
• , Yunxiang Chu
• , Yunhao Song
• , Lidan Ding
• , Bingtao Zhu
• , Wanli Zhai
• , Xuning Wang
• , Yanshen Kuang
• , Fangli Ren
• , Baoqing Jia
• , Wei Wu
• , Xiongjun Ye
• , Yinyin Wang
•  & Zhijie Chang

A decade of global volcanic SO₂ emissions measured from space

• ...gases (including carbon dioxide, CO2) and toxic trace metals... ...SO2 emissions from over 90 volcanoes, including new constraints on... ...positive trends observed at multiple volcanoes in some regions including Vanuatu...

• S. A. Carn
• , V. E. Fioletov
• , C. A. McLinden
• , C. Li
•  & N. A. Krotkov

New insights into natural variability and anthropogenic forcing of global/regional climate evolution

• Tongwen Wu
• , Aixue Hu
• , Feng Gao
• , Jie Zhang
•  & Gerald A. Meehl

Plasmonic photosynthesis of C₁–C₃ hydrocarbons from carbon dioxide assisted by an ionic liquid

• Photochemical conversion of CO2 into fuels has promise as... ...of C1–C3 hydrocarbons from CO2 and H2O. In this... ...nanoparticle/solution interface conducive for CO2 activation, while an ionic... ...conditions. Hydrocarbon turnover exhibits a volcano relationship as a function of...

• Sungju Yu
•  & Prashant K. Jain

Enhancing oxygen evolution efficiency of multiferroic oxides by spintronic and ferroelectric polarization regulation

• Xiaoning Li
• , Huan Liu
• , Zezhi Chen
• , Qingmei Wu
• , Zheyin Yu
• , Mengmeng Yang
• , Xiaolin Wang
• , Zhenxiang Cheng
• , Zhengping Fu
•  & Yalin Lu

Large variations in vent fluid CO₂/³He ratios signal rapid changes in magma chemistry at Loihi seamount, Hawaii

• ...Loihi seamount, an active submarine volcano situated about 30 km south... ...and systematic changes in the CO2/3He ratios of the vent... ...has been discernible only through CO2/3He monitoring, and suggests...

• D. R. Hilton
• , G. M. McMurtry
•  & F. Goff

Heteromolecular clusters of H₂O, SO₂, CO₂, CO and NO

• ...have identified the species Ar2·CO2, Ar·(CO2)2 and larger clusters,... and N2·O2, SF6(CO2)2 and SF6·CO2·Ar. Milne et al....

• J. M. CALO

A mantle-driven surge in magma supply to Kīlauea Volcano during 2003–2007

• The eruptive activity of a volcano is fundamentally controlled by the... ...of magma supply. At Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, the rate... ...supply was an increase in CO2 emissions during 2003–2004,... ...within Kīlauea, coupled with increased CO2 emissions, indicate a mantle... ...and that CO2 emissions...

• Michael P. Poland
• , Asta Miklius
• , A. Jeff Sutton
•  & Carl R. Thornber

Characteristics of hydrate-bound gas retrieved at the Kedr mud volcano (southern Lake Baikal)

• ...sediments at the Kedr mud volcano in Lake Baikal. Twenty...

• Akihiro Hachikubo
• , Hirotsugu Minami
• , Satoshi Yamashita
• , Andrey Khabuev
• , Alexey Krylov
• , Gennadiy Kalmychkov
• , Jeffrey Poort
• , Marc De Batist
• , Alexandr Chenskiy
• , Andrey Manakov
•  & Oleg Khlystov

Low-dimensional catalysts for hydrogen evolution and CO₂ reduction

• ...and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and CO2 conversion into useful molecules.... ...heterostructures for hydrogen evolution and CO2 reduction by electrocatalysis and photocatalysis...

• Damien Voiry
• , Hyeon Suk Shin
• , Kian Ping Loh
•  & Manish Chhowalla

Diffusion chronometry and the timescales of magmatic processes

• ...is, therefore, important for volcano monitoring and forecasting. Diffusion... ...and eruption. Crystals from mafic volcanoes record timescales of days to... ...longer than those from mafic volcanoes, spanning decades to millennia,... ...adds the fourth dimension to volcano science (that is, time...

• F. Costa
• , T. Shea
•  & T. Ubide