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A
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absolute risk
Calculation of Complex Disease Risk
adaptation
Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance
Characterizing signals of selection in humans
Evolutionary Adaptation in the Human Lineage
Geographic Mosaics of Coevolution
Life History Evolution
Physiological Optima and Critical Limits
Quantitative Genetics: Growing Transgenic Tomatoes
The genetic theory of adaptation: a brief history
adult-onset
Huntington's Disease: The Discovery of the Huntingtin Gene
aging
Aging and Cell Division
Aging and Its Demographic Measurement
Genetic Control of Aging and Life Span
Life History Evolution
mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
Telomeres of Human Chromosomes
The Evolution of Aging
allele
Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance
Bayesian Estimation
Genetic Dominance: Genotype-Phenotype Relationships
Genomic Imprinting and Patterns of Disease Inheritance
Gregor Mendel and the Principles of Inheritance
Maximum Likelihood Estimation
Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders
Mendelian Ratios and Lethal Genes
Neutral Theory: The Null Hypothesis of Molecular Evolution
Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype
Tumor Suppressor (TS) Genes and the Two-Hit Hypothesis
allele frequency
The Variety of Genes in the Gene Pool Can Be Quantified within a Population
Alu
A de novo Alu insertion results in neurofibromatosis type 1
Classes of mobile elements.
Classes of mobile elements.
Functions and Utility of <i>Alu</i> Jumping Genes
Transposons: The Jumping Genes
Using Alu sequences to detect oncogenes.
amino acid
Amino Acid
An Evolutionary Perspective on Amino Acids
Each successive tRNA leaves behind an amino acid that links in sequence. The resulting chain of amino acids emerges from the top of the ribosome.
Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases
Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids: DNA Specifies Protein
The Information in DNA Determines Cellular Function via Translation
The polypeptide elongates as the process of tRNA docking and amino acid attachment is repeated.
anaphase
Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction
Mitosis and Cell Division
aneuploidy
Chromosomes and Disease
Genetic Regulation of Cancer
Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction
Proto-oncogenes to Oncogenes to Cancer
Trisomy 21 Causes Down Syndrome
animal development
<i>Hox</i> Genes in Development: The <i>Hox</i> Code
Atavism: Embryology, Development and Evolution
Birth Defects: Causes and Statistics
Birth Defects: Prevention and Treatment
Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
Genetic Control of Aging and Life Span
Gradient-Based DNA Transcription Control in Animals
Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic Resistance, Mutation Rates and MRSA
Archaea
Genome Packaging in Prokaryotes: the Circular Chromosome of <i>E. coli</i>
The Two Empires and Three Domains of Life in the Postgenomic Age
Why Are Cells Powered by Proton Gradients?
artificial selection
Genetics of Dog Breeding
asexual
Mitosis and Cell Division
Sexual Reproduction and the Evolution of Sex
ATP
Dynamic Adaptation of Nutrient Utilization in Humans
Mitochondria
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bacteria
Analyzing Regulatory Networks in Bacteria
Antibiotic Resistance, Mutation Rates and MRSA
Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing
DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
Genetic Origins of Microbial Virulence
Intro to Microbial Genetics
Negative Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes
Operons and Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
Positive Transcription Control: The Glucose Effect
Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria
The Extracellular Bastions of Bacteria — A Biofilm Way of Life
The Two Empires and Three Domains of Life in the Postgenomic Age
Why Are Cells Powered by Proton Gradients?
bacteriophage
Bacteriophage
biodiversity
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability
Causes and Consequences of Biodiversity Declines
Conceptualizing and Evaluating Non-Native Species
Conservation Biology: Ethical Foundations
Ecology of Wetland Ecosystems: Water, Substrate, and Life
Environmental Ethics
Food Safety and Food Security
Genomes of Other Organisms: DNA Barcoding and Metagenomics
Hybridization and Gene Flow
Ponds and Lakes: A Journey Through the Life Aquatic
The Geography and Ecology of Diversification in Neotropical Freshwaters
What Are Soils?
bioethics
Bioethics in Genetics
Genetic Inequality: Human Genetic Engineering
Protecting Your Genetic Identity: GINA and HIPAA
bioinformatics
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)
DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's
Systems Biology of the Cell
biotechnology
Biotechnology Industry
Biotechnology: Ray Lockard
FDA on transgenic animals—a dog's breakfast?
Intro Biotechnology: Techniques and Applications
Recombinant DNA Technology and Transgenic Animals
Techniques in Genetics and Biotechnology
The Biotechnology Revolution: PCR and the Use of Reverse Transcriptase to Clone Expressed Genes
Transgenic Animals in Agriculture
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cancer
A point mutation is responsible for the acquisition of transforming properties by the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene
Aging and Cell Division
Cancer
Cell Division and Cancer
Centrosome aberrations: cause or consequence of cancer progression?
Chest X-ray showing a suspicious mass on the left lung, which could be cancer.
Chromosome Abnormalities and Cancer Cytogenetics
DNA methylation data can classify different types of cancer
Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
Environmental Factors Like Viral Infections Play a Role in the Onset of Complex Diseases
Environmental Mutagens, Cell Signalling and DNA Repair
Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's
Genes, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
Genetic Diagnosis: DNA Microarrays and Cancer
Genetic Regulation of Cancer
Gleevec: the Breakthrough in Cancer Treatment
Human Chromosome Translocations and Cancer
Human Genetics
Human Genomic Epidemology: HuGENet
L. H. Hartwell's Yeast: A Model Organism for Studying Somatic Mutations and Cancer
Mitosis and Cell Division
p53 : The Most Frequently Altered Gene in Human Cancers
Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine
Proto-oncogenes to Oncogenes to Cancer
Questionable Prognostic Value of Genetic Testing
The consequences of recurring chromosome translocations
The Discovery of Lysosomes and Autophagy
Tumor Suppressor (TS) Genes and the Two-Hit Hypothesis
cell
Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH
Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases
L. H. Hartwell's Yeast: A Model Organism for Studying Somatic Mutations and Cancer
Tumor Suppressor (TS) Genes and the Two-Hit Hypothesis
What Is a Cell?
centromere
Chromosome Segregation in Mitosis: The Role of Centromeres
Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH
Telomeres of Human Chromosomes
chi square test
Genetics and Statistical Analysis
chromatin
Chromatin in eukaryotic regulation
Chromatin Remodeling in Eukaryotes
DNA Packaging: Nucleosomes and Chromatin
Examining Histone Modifications with Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Quantitative PCR
Gene Expression Regulates Cell Differentiation
Local remodeling of chromatin for transcription
Mitosis and Cell Division
Regulated nucleosome mobility and the histone code.
Regulation of Transcription and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
The Complexity of Gene Expression, Protein Interaction, and Cell Differentiation
The Formation of Heterochromatin and RNA interference
The N terminus
chromatin immunoprecipitation
Examining Histone Modifications with Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Quantitative PCR
chromatin remodeling
Chromatin Remodeling and DNase 1 Sensitivity
chromosomal abnormality
Chromosome Abnormalities and Cancer Cytogenetics
Diagnosing Down Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis, Tay-Sachs Disease and Other Genetic Disorders
Trisomy 21 Causes Down Syndrome
chromosome
Chromosomal Abnormalities: Aneuploidies
Chromosome Abnormalities and Cancer Cytogenetics
Chromosome Mapping: Idiograms
Chromosome rearrangements in acute myeloid leukemia cells
Chromosome rearrangements in acute myeloid leukemia cells.
Chromosome Segregation in Mitosis: The Role of Centromeres
Chromosome Territories: The Arrangement of Chromosomes in the Nucleus
Chromosome translocations: dangerous liaisons revisited
Chromosomes
Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH
Developing the Chromosome Theory
Discovery of a previously unrecognized microdeletion syndrome of 16p11.2–p12.2.
DNA Packaging: Nucleosomes and Chromatin
DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
Eukaryotic cells must tightly fold their DNA so that it fits within the cellular nucleus.
Fluorescence <i>In Situ</i> Hybridization (FISH)
Gene Mapping and Disease
Genes, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
Genetic Recombination
Genomic Imprinting and Patterns of Disease Inheritance
Homologue interactions during meiosis
Human Chromosome Number
Human Chromosome Translocations and Cancer
Karyotyping for Chromosomal Abnormalities
Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction
Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)
Mitosis and Cell Division
Mitosis, Meiosis, and Inheritance
Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping
Pufferfish and Ancestral Genomes
Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination
Sex Chromosomes in Mammals: X Inactivation
Supercoiled chromosome of E. coli.
Synteny: Inferring Ancestral Genomes
Telomeres of Human Chromosomes
The consequences of recurring chromosome translocations
Trisomy 21 Causes Down Syndrome
Types of Genetic Disease
chromosome map
Castle's objection to Morgan's map of the Drosophila X.
Chromosome Mapping: Idiograms
Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage
DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
Gene Interaction and Disease
Gene Mapping and Disease
Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
chromosome territories
Cell biology: Chromosome territories
Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells
Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells
Chromosome Territories: The Arrangement of Chromosomes in the Nucleus
Visualization of chromosome territories by fluorescence in situ hybridization
chromosome theory of inheritance
Chromosome Theory and the Castle and Morgan Debate
Developing the Chromosome Theory
cis-regulatory element
DNA Transcription
clade
Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome
Reading a Phylogenetic Tree: The Meaning of Monophyletic Groups
codon
Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids: DNA Specifies Protein
The genetic code consists of 64 codons and the amino acids specified by these codons
The Information in DNA Determines Cellular Function via Translation
comparative genomic hybridization
Chromosome Abnormalities and Cancer Cytogenetics
Comparative genome hybridization
Copy Number Variation and Genetic Disease
Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH
Discovery of a previously unrecognized microdeletion syndrome of 16p11.2–p12.2.
Discovery of previously unidentified genomic disorders from the duplication architecture of the human genome
Genetic Origins of Microbial Virulence
Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)
comparative genomics
Genomes of Other Organisms: DNA Barcoding and Metagenomics
Volvox, Chlamydomonas, and the Evolution of Multicellularity
complete linkage
Gene Mapping and Disease
complex trait
Behavioral Genomics
DTC Genetic Testing for Diabetes, Breast Cancer, Heart Disease and Paternity
Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's
Gene Interaction and Disease
Genetic Control of Aging and Life Span
Multifactorial Inheritance and Genetic Disease
Obesity, Epigenetics, and Gene Regulation
Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping
Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Analysis
Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype
consensus sequence
Do Transcription Factors Actually Bind DNA? DNA Footprinting and Gel Shift Assays
Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells
copy number variation
Copy number polymorphism in Fcgr3 predisposes to glomerulonephritis in rats and humans
Copy Number Variation
Copy Number Variation and Genetic Disease
Distribution of large-scale copy-number variations in the human genome.
How crossing over can generate copy number variation.
Human genome: Patchwork people
Huntington's Disease: The Discovery of the Huntingtin Gene
Structural variation map.
cri du chat
DNA Deletion and Duplication and the Associated Genetic Disorders
cytogenetics
Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH
Cytogenetic Methods in Diagnosing Genetic Disorders
Fluorescence <i>In Situ</i> Hybridization (FISH)
Karyotyping for Chromosomal Abnormalities
Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)
Techniques in Genetics and Biotechnology
cytokinesis
Cytokinesis Mechanisms in Yeast
Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction
Mitosis
The eukaryotic cell cycle
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Danio rerio
Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
The Use of Animal Models in Studying Genetic Disease: Transgenesis and Induced Mutation
differentiation
Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases
Gradient-Based DNA Transcription Control in Animals
The Complexity of Gene Expression, Protein Interaction, and Cell Differentiation
The Role of Methylation in Gene Expression
diploid
Polyploidy
The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid
disease
<i>C. elegans</i>: Model Organism in the Discovery of PKD
Chromosomes and Disease
Current Dengue Fever Research
Discovering the Relationship Between DNA and Protein Production
Environment Controls Gene Expression: Sex Determination and the Onset of Genetic Disorders
Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility.
Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility.
Environmental Factors Like Viral Infections Play a Role in the Onset of Complex Diseases
Environmental Mutagens, Cell Signalling and DNA Repair
Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases
Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's
Ethics of Genetic Testing: Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination
Gene-Based Therapeutic Approaches
Genes, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
Genetic Regulation of Cancer
Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS
Genome-Wide Association Studies and Human Disease Networks
Human Chromosome Translocations and Cancer
Human Genomic Epidemology: HuGENet
Huntington's Disease: The Discovery of the Huntingtin Gene
Imprinting and Genetic Disease: Angelman, Prader-Willi and Beckwith-Weidemann Syndromes
L. H. Hartwell's Yeast: A Model Organism for Studying Somatic Mutations and Cancer
Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders
mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
Multifactorial Inheritance and Genetic Disease
Natural Selection: Uncovering Mechanisms of Evolutionary Adaptation to Infectious Disease
Neurons and Naegleria fowleri
Obesity, Epigenetics, and Gene Regulation
Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping
Primate Conservation: Is the Cup Half Empty or Half Full?
Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
Stress and Animal Health: Physiological Mechanisms and Ecological Consequences
What Is Dengue Fever?
divergence
Genomes of Other Organisms: DNA Barcoding and Metagenomics
Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome
The Molecular Clock and Estimating Species Divergence
DNA
Comparative Methylation Hybridization
Discovering the Relationship Between DNA and Protein Production
Discovery of DNA as the Hereditary Material using <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>
Discovery of DNA Structure and Function: Watson and Crick
DNA
DNA double helix
DNA is a double helix.
DNA polymerase
DNA replication
DNA Sequencing Technologies
DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
Does life history affect molecular evolutionary rates?
Gene Expression and Regulation
Gene-Based Therapeutic Approaches
Genetic Mutation
Genetical implications of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid.
Helicase
How the Human Genome Project Opened up the World of Microbes
Isolating Hereditary Material: Frederick Griffith, Oswald Avery, Alfred Hershey, and Martha Chase
Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)
mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
Paternity Testing: Blood Types and DNA
Prenatal Screen Detects Fetal Abnormalities
Recombinant DNA Technology and Transgenic Animals
Recovering a Stalled Replication Fork
Replication Fork Stalling and the Fork Protection Complex
Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
Single stranded DNA
Single stranded DNA
Supercoiled DNA
The Biotechnology Revolution: PCR and the Use of Reverse Transcriptase to Clone Expressed Genes
The DNA double helix looks like a twisted ladder
The Information in DNA Determines Cellular Function via Translation
Transgenic Animals in Agriculture
Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein
Using Molecular Techniques to Answer Ecological Questions
DNA fingerprinting
AFLP technology for DNA fingerprinting
DNA Fingerprinting Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP)
Forensics, DNA Fingerprinting, and CODIS
DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase (in blue) attaches and begins assembling the new complementary DNA strand.
DNA polymerase on the template strand
DNA replication
DNA Transcription
Semi-Conservative DNA Replication: Meselson and Stahl
DNA repair
DNA Damage & Repair: Mechanisms for Maintaining DNA Integrity
DNA Replication and Causes of Mutation
Environmental Mutagens, Cell Signalling and DNA Repair
Genetic Mutation
Mechanism of homologous recombination: mediators and helicases take on regulatory functions
Nucleotide-excision repair removes bulky DNA lesions that distort the double helix.
Repair of DNA double-strand breaks by DSBR and SDSA.
DNA sequencing
Advanced sequencing technologies: methods and goals
Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing
DNA Sequencing Technologies
DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
Genomes and Disease
Idealized representation of the hierarchical shotgun sequencing strategy.
Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome
Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
dominant
Gene Mapping and Disease
Genomic Imprinting and Patterns of Disease Inheritance
Gregor Mendel and the Principles of Inheritance
Huntington's Disease: The Discovery of the Huntingtin Gene
Test Crosses
Down syndrome
Birth Defects: Causes and Statistics
Diagnosing Down Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis, Tay-Sachs Disease and Other Genetic Disorders
John Langdon Down.
Primary Down syndrome is caused by the presence of three copies of chromosome 21.
Trisomy 21 Causes Down Syndrome
drug
Environmental Influences on Gene Expression
Gleevec: the Breakthrough in Cancer Treatment
Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine
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enhancer
Regulation of Transcription and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
The SINE transposable element upstream of the ISL1 gene serves to enhance gene expression
environment
Birth Defects: Prevention and Treatment
Complex Diseases: Research and Applications
Environment Controls Gene Expression: Sex Determination and the Onset of Genetic Disorders
Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
Environmental Factors Like Viral Infections Play a Role in the Onset of Complex Diseases
Environmental Influences on Gene Expression
Environmental Mutagens, Cell Signalling and DNA Repair
Epigenetic Influences and Disease
Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases
Genes and the Environment
Genes and the Environment: The Myth of Genetic Determinism
Geoengineering and Environmental Ethics
GM crops: Battlefield
Life History Evolution
Phenotypic Range of Gene Expression: Environmental Influence
Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype
Sustainable Bioenergy: Genomics and Biofuels Development
Why Are Life Histories So Variable?
epigenetic process
An illustration of how epigenetic mechanisms can affect health.
Barbara McClintock and the Discovery of Jumping Genes (Transposons)
Chromatin Remodeling and DNase 1 Sensitivity
Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases
Examining Histone Modifications with Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Quantitative PCR
Germ Cells and Epigenetics
Obesity, Epigenetics, and Gene Regulation
Two possible mechanisms by which epigenetic modification can lead to cancer.
epistasis
Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's
Gene Interaction and Disease
Supplement to the Epistasis article
eugenics
Genetic Inequality: Human Genetic Engineering
Human Testing, the Eugenics Movement, and IRBs
eukaryote
Beyond Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes : Planctomycetes and Cell Organization
Eukaryotic Cells
The Origin of Mitochondria
evolution
<i>Homo floresiensis</i>: Making Sense of the Small-Bodied Hominin Fossils from Flores
Adaptations to Climate in Candidate Genes for Common Metabolic Disorders
An alternative, but misleading, metaphor for evolution is the ladder of life, also called the scala naturae.
An Evolutionary Perspective on Amino Acids
Atavism: Embryology, Development and Evolution
Biological Complexity and Integrative Levels of Organization
Characterizing signals of selection in humans
Evolution Is Change in the Inherited Traits of a Population through Successive Generations
Evolutionary Adaptation in the Human Lineage
Evolutionary alternation of diploidy and polyploidy
Genetic Variation and Evolution
Genomics: Protein fossils live on as RNA.
How to Become a Primate Fossil
Human Evolutionary Tree
Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome
Life History Evolution
Long term stabilizing selection can explain
MicroRNAs in <i>Arabidopsis</i>
Molecular clocks: four decades of evolution.
Molecular clocks: four decades of evolution.
Negative Selection
Neutral Theory: The Null Hypothesis of Molecular Evolution
Polyploidy
Pufferfish and Ancestral Genomes
Selection in finite populations leaves hidden variation.
Sex Determination in Honeybees
Synteny: Inferring Ancestral Genomes
Tandem Repeats and Morphological Variation
The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid
The Evolution of Aging
The evolution of apical dominance in maize (Zea mays)
The evolution of apical dominance in maize.
The genetic theory of adaptation: a brief history
The Geography and Ecology of Diversification in Neotropical Freshwaters
The Origin of Mitochondria
Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Tree: Relatedness, Similarity, and the Myth of Evolutionary Advancement
Transposable elements and the epigenetic regulation of the genome
Volvox, Chlamydomonas, and the Evolution of Multicellularity
exon
RNA Splicing: Introns, Exons and Spliceosome
expressivity
Complex Diseases: Research and Applications
Phenotype Variability: Penetrance and Expressivity
Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype
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family history
Behavioral Genomics
Calculation of Complex Disease Risk
Diagnosing Down Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis, Tay-Sachs Disease and Other Genetic Disorders
Genetic Counseling: Genetic Testing, Family History and Psychosocial Evaluation
Tumor Suppressor (TS) Genes and the Two-Hit Hypothesis
fitness
Allee Effects
Life History Evolution
Neutral Theory: The Null Hypothesis of Molecular Evolution
Sewall Wright and the Development of Shifting Balance Theory
The EvolGenius Population Genetics Computer Simulation: How it Works
frameshift mutation
Frameshift Mutation
Genetic Mutation
Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids: DNA Specifies Protein
G
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gel electrophoresis
The Proteome: Discovering the Structure and Function of Proteins
gene
A Brief History of Genetics: Defining Experiments in Genetics
Behavioral Genomics
Chromatin in eukaryotic regulation
Comparative Methylation Hybridization
Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH
Developing the Chromosome Theory
Diagnostic Testing and the Ethics of Patenting DNA
DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
Fluorescence <i>In Situ</i> Hybridization (FISH)
Genetic Regulation of Cancer
Huntington's Disease: The Discovery of the Huntingtin Gene
Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
Quantitative mapping of amplicon structure by array CGH identifies CYP24 as a candidate oncogene.
Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
The Complexity of Gene Expression, Protein Interaction, and Cell Differentiation
Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells
What is a Gene? Colinearity and Transcription Units
gene doping
Sports, Gene Doping, and WADA
The double-muscled Belgian blue cow breed.
gene expression
<i>Hox</i> Genes in Development: The <i>Hox</i> Code
A cyclical wave of hairy1 mRNA expression occurs during the formation of each somite in chick embryos.
Altered patterns of segmentation gene expression in dCtBP mutants
Chromatin Remodeling in Eukaryotes
DNA Packaging: Nucleosomes and Chromatin
Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
Environmental Factors Like Viral Infections Play a Role in the Onset of Complex Diseases
Environmental Influences on Gene Expression
Gene Expression
Gene Expression Programs in Response to Hypoxia: Cell Type Specificity and Prognostic Significance in Human Cancers.
Gene Expression Programs in Response to Hypoxia: Cell Type Specificity and Prognostic Significance in Human Cancers.
Genetic Diagnosis: DNA Microarrays and Cancer
Genetic Imprinting and X Inactivation
Gradient-Based DNA Transcription Control in Animals
Imprinting and Genetic Disease: Angelman, Prader-Willi and Beckwith-Weidemann Syndromes
Negative Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes
Phenotypic Range of Gene Expression: Environmental Influence
Positive Transcription Control: The Glucose Effect
Proteins and Gene Expression
Reading the Genetic Code
Recruitment to the Nuclear Periphery Can Alter Expression of Genes in Human Cells
Regulation of mRNA Splicing by Signal Transduction
Regulation of Transcription and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
RNA Functions
RNA Transcription by RNA Polymerase: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Small Non-coding RNA and Gene Expression
The SINE transposable element upstream of the ISL1 gene serves to enhance gene expression
Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells
Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein
Tuning gene expression to changing environments: from rapid responses to evolutionary adaptation.
Tuning gene expression to changing environments: from rapid responses to evolutionary adaptation.
X Chromosome: X Inactivation
gene flow
Hybridization and Gene Flow
Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow Do Not Act in Isolation in Natural Populations
gene interaction
Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's
The Complexity of Gene Expression, Protein Interaction, and Cell Differentiation
gene knockout
The Use of Animal Models in Studying Genetic Disease: Transgenesis and Induced Mutation
gene therapy
Gene targeting with recombinant adenoviral vectors
Gene Therapy
Gene therapy restores vision in a canine model of childhood blindness
Gene Therapy Restores Vision to Mice
Gene therapy: trials and tribulations
Gene-Based Therapeutic Approaches
Precise hit: adeno-associated virus in gene targeting
Recombinant DNA Technology and Transgenic Animals
Restoration of retinal and visual function in RPE65 mutant dogs by subretinal AAV-RPE65 therapy
Sports, Gene Doping, and WADA
genetic code
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)
Nirenberg and Leder developed a technique for using ribosome-bound tRNAs to provide additional information about the genetic code.
Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids: DNA Specifies Protein
genetic counseling
Bioethics in Genetics
Genetic Counseling: Genetic Testing, Family History and Psychosocial Evaluation
Questionable Prognostic Value of Genetic Testing
genetic cross
Genetic Dominance: Genotype-Phenotype Relationships
genetic drift
Genetic Drift: Bottleneck Effect and the Case of the Bearded Vulture
Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow Do Not Act in Isolation in Natural Populations
Neutral Theory: The Null Hypothesis of Molecular Evolution
Sewall Wright and the Development of Shifting Balance Theory
The EvolGenius Population Genetics Computer Simulation: How it Works
genetic engineering
Darwin 200: Let's make a mammoth
Genetic Inequality: Human Genetic Engineering
History of Agricultural Biotechnology: How Crop Development has Evolved
Sustainable Bioenergy: Genomics and Biofuels Development
genetic screen
Diagnosing Down Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis, Tay-Sachs Disease and Other Genetic Disorders
Gene Mapping: Then and Now
Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
The Use of Animal Models in Studying Genetic Disease: Transgenesis and Induced Mutation
genetic test
Diagnosing Down Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis, Tay-Sachs Disease and Other Genetic Disorders
Ethics of Genetic Testing: Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination
genetic variation
Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance
Adaptations to Climate in Candidate Genes for Common Metabolic Disorders
Calculation of Complex Disease Risk
Copy Number Variation
Copy Number Variation and Genetic Disease
Estimating Trait Heritability
Eukaryotic Genome Complexity
Genetic basis of proteome variation in yeast.
Genetic Causes of Adult-Onset Disorders
Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS
Genetic Variation and Evolution
Genomes and Disease
Multifactorial Inheritance and Genetic Disease
Pharmacogenetics, Personalized Medicine, and Race
Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping
Positive Selection in East Asians for an
EDAR
Allele that Enhances NF-κB Activation
Single nucleotide polymorphisms are one way that researchers track genetic variation.
The origin of malaria: mixed messages from genetic diversity
Using SNP Data to Examine Human Phenotypic Differences
genome
Long-range sequence assembly in whole-genome shotgun sequencing
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)
Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing
DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
Eukaryotic Genome Complexity
Evolutionary alternation of diploidy and polyploidy
Functions and Utility of <i>Alu</i> Jumping Genes
Genetics of Dog Breeding
Genome construction
Genomes of Other Organisms: DNA Barcoding and Metagenomics
Genomics
Human Genomic Epidemology: HuGENet
Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome
Mapping and sequencing of structural variation from eight human genomes
mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
Online Community for Genetic Educators: At the NIH
Polyploidy
Pufferfish and Ancestral Genomes
Transposons, or Jumping Genes: Not Junk DNA?
genome wide association study
Genes, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
Genome-Wide Association Studies and Human Disease Networks
genomic imprinting
Genetic Imprinting and X Inactivation
Genomic Imprinting and Patterns of Disease Inheritance
genomics
Genomic Data Resources: Challenges and Promises
Genomics
Genomics
Genomics Databases
How the Human Genome Project Opened up the World of Microbes
Ontologies: Scientific Data Sharing Made Easy
Sustainable Bioenergy: Genomics and Biofuels Development
Systems Biology of the Cell
The 'Omics Age
The Proteome: Discovering the Structure and Function of Proteins
genotype
Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance
Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage
Genes, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
Models of gene-environment interactions
Negative Selection
Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Analysis
Sewall Wright and the Development of Shifting Balance Theory
Test Crosses
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haplotype
A haplotype map of the human genome
Sickle-Cell Anemia: A Look at Global Haplotype Distribution
HapMap Project
Complex Diseases: Research and Applications
Copy Number Variation
Genes, Smoking, and Lung Cancer
Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine
Using SNP Data to Examine Human Phenotypic Differences
helicase
Recovering a Stalled Replication Fork
Replication Fork Stalling and the Fork Protection Complex
heritability
Estimating Trait Heritability
IQ is a continuous trait
Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping
histone
Examining Histone Modifications with Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Quantitative PCR
homology
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)
Behavioral Genomics
Human Genome Project
Comparative Methylation Hybridization
DNA Sequencing Technologies
DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project
Gene Mapping and Disease
Genomes and Disease
Genomic Data Resources: Challenges and Promises
Rare Genetic Disorders: Learning About Genetic Disease Through Gene Mapping, SNPs, and Microarray Data
Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
The 'Omics Age
The Human Genome Project
Total amount of human sequence data in the High Throughput Genomic Sequence division of GenBank, from January 1996 to October 2000.
Total amount of human sequence in the High-Throughput Genomic Sequences (HTGS) division of GenBank.
hybrid
Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing
Cytogenetic Methods in Diagnosing Genetic Disorders
Haldane's Rule: the Heterogametic Sex
Hybridization and Gene Flow
hypoxia
Direct transcriptional targets of HIF
Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
Gene Expression Programs in Response to Hypoxia: Cell Type Specificity and Prognostic Significance in Human Cancers.
Gene Expression Programs in Response to Hypoxia: Cell Type Specificity and Prognostic Significance in Human Cancers.
Genomic responses to hypoxia
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idiogram
Chromosome Mapping: Idiograms
Human chromosome 12: high resolution.
Human chromosome 12: low resolution.
in vitro fertilization
baby montage 2
Embryo Screening and the Ethics of Human Genetic Engineering
inborn error of metabolism
Gene-Based Therapeutic Approaches
Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders
infectious disease
Disease Ecology
Environmental Factors Like Viral Infections Play a Role in the Onset of Complex Diseases
Genetic Origins of Microbial Virulence
Genetics of the Influenza Virus
integrative levels of organization
Biology is studied at many levels of organization.
interference
Measuring Animal Preferences and Choice Behavior
Thomas Hunt Morgan, Genetic Recombination, and Gene Mapping
intron
In eukaryotes, noncoding regions called introns are often removed from newly synthesized mRNA.
Introns are noncoding regions of nucleic acids
RNA Splicing: Introns, Exons and Spliceosome
K
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karyotype
A human metaphase plate, from the original Tjio and Levan paper, showing 46 chromosomes.
Chromosome banding as revealed by different staining techniques
Chromosomes and Disease
Cytogenetic Methods in Diagnosing Genetic Disorders
DTC Genetic Testing for Diabetes, Breast Cancer, Heart Disease and Paternity
DTC Genetic Testing: 23andme, DNA Direct and Genelex
Fluorescence <i>In Situ</i> Hybridization (FISH)
Human chromosome 12: high resolution.
Human chromosome 12: low resolution.
Human Chromosome Number
Human Chromosome Translocations and Cancer
Karyotyping for Chromosomal Abnormalities
Partial karyotype of six mitotic cells photographed with quinacrine fluorescence
Trisomy 21 Causes Down Syndrome
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leaky mutation
Tumor Suppressor (TS) Genes and the Two-Hit Hypothesis
lethal allele
Mendelian Ratios and Lethal Genes
linkage
Chromosome Theory and the Castle and Morgan Debate
Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage
Gene Interaction and Disease
Gene Mapping and Disease
Human Chromosome Translocations and Cancer
Integrated transcriptional profiling and linkage analysis for identification of genes underlying disease.
Integrated transcriptional profiling and linkage analysis for identification of genes underlying disease.
Psoriasis is associated with increased beta-defensin genomic copy number
Thomas Hunt Morgan, Genetic Recombination, and Gene Mapping
Why didn't Gregor Mendel find linkage?
M
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meiosis
Chromosomal Abnormalities: Aneuploidies
Chromosomes exchange genetic material during meiosis in a process called crossing over.
During metaphase II, the chromosomes align along the cell's equatorial plate.
Genetic Recombination
Homologue interactions during meiosis
How crossing over can generate copy number variation.
Meiosis
Meiosis.
Meiosis: cell-cycle controls shuffle and deal
Mutations Are the Raw Materials of Evolution
Polyploid formation and ensuing meiotic and mitotic irregularities
Recombination in meiosis.
Recombination is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
The mitotic and meiotic cell cycles
Mendelian trait
Gene Interaction and Disease
Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders
Rare Genetic Disorders: Learning About Genetic Disease Through Gene Mapping, SNPs, and Microarray Data
metaphase
A human metaphase plate, from the original Tjio and Levan paper, showing 46 chromosomes.
DNA Packaging: Nucleosomes and Chromatin
Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction
Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)
Mitosis and Cell Division
methylation
Bisulphite genomic sequencing procedure.
Chromatin in eukaryotic regulation
Chromosomal profiles of DNA methylation in colon cancer cells
Comparative Methylation Hybridization
DNA Sequencing Technologies
Epigenetic Influences and Disease
Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases
Genetic Imprinting and X Inactivation
Germ Cells and Epigenetics
Mass spectrometry analysis of histone H4 isoforms in human stem cells
Mass spectrometry analysis of histone H4 isoforms in human stem cells.
Molecular mechanism of plaque formation in the artery
The Complexity of Gene Expression, Protein Interaction, and Cell Differentiation
Two possible mechanisms by which epigenetic modification can lead to cancer.
microarray
Comparative Methylation Hybridization
Diagram of the microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) process.
Genetic Diagnosis: DNA Microarrays and Cancer
Genetic Origins of Microbial Virulence
Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS
How the Human Genome Project Opened up the World of Microbes
Microarray chip
Microarray filled
Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)
Strategies for identifying virulence genes using microarrays.
Techniques in Genetics and Biotechnology
The 'Omics Age
The Proteome: Discovering the Structure and Function of Proteins
Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function
Whole genome microarray.
microRNA
MicroRNAs in <i>Arabidopsis</i>
microsatellite
DNA Fingerprinting Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP)
Genetic Drift: Bottleneck Effect and the Case of the Bearded Vulture
Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and Obesity
Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
Using Genetics to Understand Primate Social Systems
Using Molecular Techniques to Answer Ecological Questions
mitochondria
Cell Origins and Metabolism
Human Evolutionary Tree
Kinetoplastids and Their Networks of Interlocked DNA
Mitochondria
Mitochondria and the Immune Response
Mitochondrial Fusion and Division
mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
Non-nuclear Genes and Their Inheritance
The Apicoplast: An Organelle with a Green Past
The Origin of Mitochondria
mitochondrial DNA
Cytoplasmically inherited characteristics frequently exhibit extensive phenotypic variation because cells and individual offspring contain various proportions of cytoplasmic genes.
Estimated mitochondrial dNTP concentrations in rat tissues.
Human Evolutionary Tree
lacZ mutant frequencies for products of pol gap filling.
mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
Non-nuclear Genes and Their Inheritance
Sequence analysis of lacZ mutants.
mitosis
Cancer
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Chromosome Segregation in Mitosis: The Role of Centromeres
Drawing of mitosis by Walther Flemming.
Drawing of mitosis by Walther Flemming.
Drawing of mitosis by Walther Flemming.
During telophase, two nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes, and the cytoplasm divides.
L. H. Hartwell's Yeast: A Model Organism for Studying Somatic Mutations and Cancer
Mitosis
Polyploid formation and ensuing meiotic and mitotic irregularities
The eukaryotic cell cycle
The mitotic and meiotic cell cycles
The mitotic spindle (white) begins to form outside the cell's nucleus.
model organism
<i>C. elegans</i>: Model Organism in the Discovery of PKD
Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing
Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
The Use of Animal Models in Studying Genetic Disease: Transgenesis and Induced Mutation
modifier gene
Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype
molecular clock
Calibrating the avian molecular clock.
Calibrating the avian molecular clock.
Molecular clocks: four decades of evolution.
Molecular clocks: four decades of evolution.
Neutrality and Molecular Clocks
The Molecular Clock and Estimating Species Divergence
mRNA
Alternative RNA splicing.
Bicoid mRNA in a fruit fly (Drosophila) embryo.
Eukaryotic cells have alternative pathways for processing pre-mRNA.
Growing polysomes on a chromosome from E. coli
MicroRNAs in <i>Arabidopsis</i>
mRNA: History of Functional Investigation
Nascent pre-mRNAs.
Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids: DNA Specifies Protein
Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria
Small Non-coding RNA and Gene Expression
The elaboration of the Central Dogma
Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function
Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein
Mus musculus
The Use of Animal Models in Studying Genetic Disease: Transgenesis and Induced Mutation
mutation
A C. elegans mutant that lives twice as long as wild type
Comparative Methylation Hybridization
Diagnosing Down Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis, Tay-Sachs Disease and Other Genetic Disorders
Direct estimation of per nucleotide and genomic deleterious mutation rates in
Drosophila
Discovering the Relationship Between DNA and Protein Production
DNA Damage & Repair: Mechanisms for Maintaining DNA Integrity
DNA Replication and Causes of Mutation
Environmental Mutagens, Cell Signalling and DNA Repair
Epigenetic Influences and Disease
Genetic Control of Aging and Life Span
Genetic Mutation
Human Evolutionary Tree
Huntington's Disease: The Discovery of the Huntingtin Gene
Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
Medical Ethics: Genetic Testing and Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Mendelian Ratios and Lethal Genes
mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases
Mutations Are the Raw Materials of Evolution
Negative Selection
Pharmacogenetics, Personalized Medicine, and Race
Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype
Sewall Wright and the Development of Shifting Balance Theory
Slipped-strand mispairing.
The Evolution of Aging
The overwhelming majority of mutations have very small effects.
Tumor Suppressor (TS) Genes and the Two-Hit Hypothesis
mutation rate
Antibiotic Resistance, Mutation Rates and MRSA
Neutrality and Molecular Clocks
The Molecular Clock and Estimating Species Divergence
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natural selection
Evolution of Drug Resistance in Malaria Parasite Populations
Evolutionary Adaptation in the Human Lineage
Life History Evolution
Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow Do Not Act in Isolation in Natural Populations
Negative Selection
Neutral Theory: The Null Hypothesis of Molecular Evolution
Primate Speciation: A Case Study of African Apes
The EvolGenius Population Genetics Computer Simulation: How it Works
negative selection
Negative Selection
The strength of negative selection.
neurofibromatosis
A de novo Alu insertion results in neurofibromatosis type 1
DNA Damage & Repair: Mechanisms for Maintaining DNA Integrity
Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype
nonsense mutation
Genetic Mutation
norm of reaction
Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance
Phenotypic Range of Gene Expression: Environmental Influence
Northern blot
Northern blot
nucleosome
Chromatin Remodeling in Eukaryotes
DNA Packaging: Nucleosomes and Chromatin
Regulated nucleosome mobility and the histone code.
nucleus
Beyond Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes : Planctomycetes and Cell Organization
Chromosome Territories: The Arrangement of Chromosomes in the Nucleus
DNA Packaging: Nucleosomes and Chromatin
Gene-Based Therapeutic Approaches
mRNA: History of Functional Investigation
Nucleus
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operon
An operon
Analyzing Regulatory Networks in Bacteria
Intro to Microbial Genetics
Negative Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes
The arabinose operon.
P
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pandemic flu
Pandemic flu: from the front lines
patent
Structure and function in gene patenting
Structure and function in gene patenting
paternity
Forensics, DNA Fingerprinting, and CODIS
Paternity Testing: Blood Types and DNA
penetrance
Complex Diseases: Research and Applications
Genetic Causes of Adult-Onset Disorders
Phenotype Variability: Penetrance and Expressivity
Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype
pharmacogenomics
Complex Diseases: Research and Applications
Controversies in Treatment Approaches: Gene Therapy, IVF, Stem Cells, and Pharmacogenomics
Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS
Pharmacogenetics goes genomic
Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine
Pharmacogenomics: bench to bedside
Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function
phenotype
Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance
Complex Diseases: Research and Applications
Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage
Environment Controls Gene Expression: Sex Determination and the Onset of Genetic Disorders
Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development
Environmental Factors Like Viral Infections Play a Role in the Onset of Complex Diseases
Environmental Influences on Gene Expression
Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's
Estimating Trait Heritability
Genetic Dominance: Genotype-Phenotype Relationships
Genetics of Dog Breeding
Mendelian Ratios and Lethal Genes
Phenotype Variability: Penetrance and Expressivity
Phenotypic Range of Gene Expression: Environmental Influence
Pleiotropy: One Gene Can Affect Multiple Traits
Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping
Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype
phylogenetic tree
A minimal tree of vertebrates
Levels of detail in genetic history: from individuals to a branch on the phylogenetic tree.
Reading a Phylogenetic Tree: The Meaning of Monophyletic Groups
State change and trait fixation
Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Tree: Relatedness, Similarity, and the Myth of Evolutionary Advancement
phylogeny
Branching pattern of four species.
Phylogenetic terminology.
Reading a Phylogenetic Tree: The Meaning of Monophyletic Groups
The Geography and Ecology of Diversification in Neotropical Freshwaters
plasmid
Antibiotic Resistance, Mutation Rates and MRSA
Genome Packaging in Prokaryotes: the Circular Chromosome of <i>E. coli</i>
Plasmid
pleiotropy
Pleiotropy: One Gene Can Affect Multiple Traits
The Evolution of Aging
point mutation
Genetic Mutation
polycystic kidney disease
Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders
polygenic
Genes and the Environment: The Myth of Genetic Determinism
Genetic Causes of Adult-Onset Disorders
Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders
Pleiotropy: One Gene Can Affect Multiple Traits
Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping
Types of Genetic Disease
polymerase chain reaction
The Biotechnology Revolution: PCR and the Use of Reverse Transcriptase to Clone Expressed Genes
polymorphism
A high-resolution survey of deletion polymorphism in the human genome
Common deletion polymorphisms in the human genome
Copy number polymorphism in Fcgr3 predisposes to glomerulonephritis in rats and humans
Copy Number Variation
DNA Fingerprinting Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP)
Psoriasis is associated with increased beta-defensin genomic copy number
Tumor Suppressor (TS) Genes and the Two-Hit Hypothesis
positive selection
A selective sweep
Characterizing signals of selection in humans
Evolutionary Adaptation in the Human Lineage
Positive Selection in East Asians for an
EDAR
Allele that Enhances NF-κB Activation
Prader-Willi syndrome
DNA Deletion and Duplication and the Associated Genetic Disorders
Genomic Imprinting and Patterns of Disease Inheritance
preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Genetic Counseling: Genetic Testing, Family History and Psychosocial Evaluation
Genetic Inequality: Human Genetic Engineering
primer
Primer
principle of segregation
Monohybrid crosses revealed the principle of segregation and the concept of dominance.
prokaryote
Beyond Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes : Planctomycetes and Cell Organization
Eukaryotic Cells
Intro to Microbial Genetics
Negative Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes
Operons and Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
Positive Transcription Control: The Glucose Effect
RNA Transcription by RNA Polymerase: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria
promoter
Gene Expression
Genetic Regulation of Cancer
Negative Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes
Positive Transcription Control: The Glucose Effect
Regulation of Transcription and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
RNA Transcription by RNA Polymerase: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells
prophase
Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction
Mitosis and Cell Division
The mitotic spindle (white) begins to form outside the cell's nucleus.
protein
Amino Acid
Discovering the Relationship Between DNA and Protein Production
Epigenetic Influences and Disease
Gene-Based Therapeutic Approaches
Genetic Regulation of Cancer
Nutrient Utilization in Humans: Metabolism Pathways
Protein Misfolding and Degenerative Diseases
Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter
The Information in DNA Determines Cellular Function via Translation
The Proteome: Discovering the Structure and Function of Proteins
Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein
proteome
Systems Biology of the Cell
The Proteome: Discovering the Structure and Function of Proteins
pseudogene
Origins of New Genes and Pseudogenes
R
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radiation
Environmental Mutagens, Cell Signalling and DNA Repair
The Use of Animal Models in Studying Genetic Disease: Transgenesis and Induced Mutation
recessive
Autosomal recessive traits normally appear with equal frequency in both sexes and seem to skip generations.
Epistasis: Gene Interaction and Phenotype Effects
Genetic Dominance: Genotype-Phenotype Relationships
Genomic Imprinting and Patterns of Disease Inheritance
Gregor Mendel and the Principles of Inheritance
Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders
Test Crosses
recombinant DNA
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Transgenic Crops and Recombinant DNA Technology
Restriction Enzymes
The dawn of recombinant DNA
recombinant DNA technology
Recombinant DNA Technology and Transgenic Animals
recombination
Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage
Gene Mapping and Disease
How crossing over can generate copy number variation.
Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens
McClintock and Creighton's work in maize shows physical evidence of recombination.
Recombination in meiosis.
Recovering a Stalled Replication Fork
The presence of peaks in crossover activity, which are embedded in
Thomas Hunt Morgan, Genetic Recombination, and Gene Mapping
Where the crossovers are: recombination distributions in mammals
recombination frequency
Genetic Recombination
relatedness
Estimating Trait Heritability
Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Tree: Relatedness, Similarity, and the Myth of Evolutionary Advancement
replication
Cells Can Replicate Their DNA Precisely
Major Molecular Events of DNA Replication
Recovering a Stalled Replication Fork
Replication Fork Stalling and the Fork Protection Complex
Semi-Conservative DNA Replication: Meselson and Stahl
Telomeres of Human Chromosomes
The elaboration of the Central Dogma
reproduction
Life History Evolution
Transgenic Animals in Agriculture
restriction endonuclease
Restriction Enzymes
retrotransposon
Barbara McClintock and the Discovery of Jumping Genes (Transposons)
The Origins of Viruses
Transposons: The Jumping Genes
ribosome
During initiation, the ribosome (grey globe) docks onto the mRNA at a position near the start codon (red).
Each successive tRNA leaves behind an amino acid that links in sequence. The resulting chain of amino acids emerges from the top of the ribosome.
Ribosome
Ribosome with peptide
Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria
The polypeptide elongates as the process of tRNA docking and amino acid attachment is repeated.
The ribosome assembles the polypeptide chain
The translation process terminates after a stop codon signals the ribosome to fall off the RNA.
To complete the initiation phase, the tRNA molecule that carries methionine recognizes the start codon and binds to it.
Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein
Within the ribosome, multiple tRNA molecules bind to the mRNA strand in the appropriate sequence.
RNA polymerase
DNA Transcription
During elongation, the new RNA strand becomes longer and longer as the DNA template is transcribed.
RNA Polymerase
Structure and mechanism of the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery
Structure and mechanism of the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery
The RNA Polymerase binds to the DNA template strand
Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells
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S phase
DNA Replication and Checkpoint Control in S Phase
Mitosis and Cell Division
segmentation genes
Gradient-Based DNA Transcription Control in Animals
selection
Different types of selection
Entomology: Butterflies at that awkward age
Estimating Trait Heritability
Genetics of Dog Breeding
Haldane's Rule: the Heterogametic Sex
Long term stabilizing selection can explain
Mapping quantitative trait loci in plants: uses and caveats for evolutionary biology
Sewall Wright and the Development of Shifting Balance Theory
Tandem Repeats and Morphological Variation
The Evolution of Aging
sequence alignment
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)
sex chromosomes
Sex Chromosomes in Mammals: X Inactivation
X Chromosome: X Inactivation
sex determination
Evidence for the evolutionary nascence of a novel sex determination pathway in honeybees
Genetic Mechanisms of Sex Determination
Male development of chromosomally female mice transgenic for Sry
Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination
Sex Determination in Honeybees
The complementary sex determination pathway.
Thomas Hunt Morgan and Sex Linkage
sexual reproduction
Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction
Mutations Are the Raw Materials of Evolution
Selection in finite populations leaves hidden variation.
Sexual Reproduction and the Evolution of Sex
Variability, built up by selection, is decreased by sex.
shifting balance theory
Sewall Wright and the Development of Shifting Balance Theory
single nucleotide polymorphism
A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs
Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS
Rare Genetic Disorders: Learning About Genetic Disease Through Gene Mapping, SNPs, and Microarray Data
SNP
Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe
Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS
speciation
High-Resolution Genome-Wide Dissection of the Two Rules of Speciation in
Drosophila
.
Hybrid Incompatibility and Speciation
Hybridization and Gene Flow
Primate Speciation: A Case Study of African Apes
Quantitative Genetics: Growing Transgenic Tomatoes
Synteny: Inferring Ancestral Genomes
The Geography and Ecology of Diversification in Neotropical Freshwaters
The Molecular Clock and Estimating Species Divergence
Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Tree: Relatedness, Similarity, and the Myth of Evolutionary Advancement
species
Genetics of Dog Breeding
Intrinsic Value, Ecology, and Conservation
Using Molecular Techniques to Answer Ecological Questions
splicing
Behavioral Genomics
Characterization of the branch site in lariat RNAs produced by splicing of mRNA precursors
Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing
Pre-mRNA splicing.
RNA Functions
RNA Splicing: Introns, Exons and Spliceosome
Splicing double: insights from the second spliceosome
Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function
stem cells
Embryonic and somatic stem cells as a source of genetic medicines
Embryonic and somatic stem cells as a source of genetic medicines.
Embryonic and somatic stem cells as a source of genetic medicines.
In vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state
The X-inactivation center
Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function
Turning Somatic Cells into Pluripotent Stem Cells
Xist transcription in embryonic stem cells.
supercoiling
Genome Packaging in Prokaryotes: the Circular Chromosome of <i>E. coli</i>
Supercoiled chromosome of E. coli.
synteny
Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing
Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage
Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome
Pufferfish and Ancestral Genomes
Synteny map.
Synteny: Inferring Ancestral Genomes
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telomere
T-loops and the origin of telomeres
T-loops and the origin of telomeres
Telomeres and telomerase
Telomeres of Human Chromosomes
telophase
During telophase, two nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes, and the cytoplasm divides.
Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction
Mitosis and Cell Division
teratogen
Birth Defects: Causes and Statistics
trait
Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance
Behavioral Genomics
Dimorphisms and Threshold Traits
Genetic Causes of Adult-Onset Disorders
Multifactorial Inheritance and Genetic Disease
Negative Selection
Quantitative Genetics: Growing Transgenic Tomatoes
Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Analysis
Sex-linked Diseases: the Case of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
Trait frequency can change within a population lineage.
transcription
<i>Hox</i> Genes in Development: The <i>Hox</i> Code
Analyzing Regulatory Networks in Bacteria
Chromatin in eukaryotic regulation
Chromatin Remodeling in Eukaryotes
Concentration gradients of morphogens regulate transcription of other genes
DNA is transcribed to form RNA.
DNA Transcription
Do Transcription Factors Actually Bind DNA? DNA Footprinting and Gel Shift Assays
Electron micrograph of nascent pre-mRNAs.
EM of growing mRNAs in yeast show how transcription can be visualized in cells.
Examining Histone Modifications with Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Quantitative PCR
Gradient-Based DNA Transcription Control in Animals
Growing polysomes on a chromosome from E. coli
Intro to Microbial Genetics
Local remodeling of chromatin for transcription
mRNA: History of Functional Investigation
Nascent pre-mRNAs.
Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids: DNA Specifies Protein
Regulation of Transcription and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
Ribosomes, Transcription, and Translation
Riboswitches: A Common RNA Regulatory Element
RNA Functions
RNA Splicing: Introns, Exons and Spliceosome
Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria
Small Non-coding RNA and Gene Expression
Structure and mechanism of the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery
Structure and mechanism of the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery
The catabolite activator protein (CAP) binds to the promoter of the lac operon and stimulates transcription.
The Complexity of Gene Expression, Protein Interaction, and Cell Differentiation
The elaboration of the Central Dogma
Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells
Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function
What is a Gene? Colinearity and Transcription Units
transcription factor
<i>Hox</i> Genes in Development: The <i>Hox</i> Code
Aging and Cell Division
DNA Transcription
Do Transcription Factors Actually Bind DNA? DNA Footprinting and Gel Shift Assays
Examining Histone Modifications with Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Quantitative PCR
Gradient-Based DNA Transcription Control in Animals
Regulation of Transcription and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells
transcription unit
Comparison of a simple eukaryotic promoter and an extensively diversified metazoan regulatory module
What is a Gene? Colinearity and Transcription Units
transcriptome
Systems Biology of the Cell
transforming principle
Discovery of DNA as the Hereditary Material using <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>
Isolating Hereditary Material: Frederick Griffith, Oswald Avery, Alfred Hershey, and Martha Chase
transgene
Gene-Based Therapeutic Approaches
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Transgenic Crops and Recombinant DNA Technology
transgenic organism
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Transgenic Crops and Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA Technology and Transgenic Animals
The Use of Animal Models in Studying Genetic Disease: Transgenesis and Induced Mutation
translation
Discovering the Relationship Between DNA and Protein Production
Discovery of the Giant Mimivirus
DNA Transcription
Growing polysomes on a chromosome from E. coli
Intro to Microbial Genetics
Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids: DNA Specifies Protein
Ribosomes, Transcription, and Translation
RNA Functions
RNA Splicing: Introns, Exons and Spliceosome
Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria
Small Non-coding RNA and Gene Expression
The elaboration of the Central Dogma
Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein
Within the ribosome, multiple tRNA molecules bind to the mRNA strand in the appropriate sequence.
translocation
Chromosomal translocations
Chromosome rearrangements in acute myeloid leukemia cells
Chromosome rearrangements in acute myeloid leukemia cells.
Chromosome translocations: dangerous liaisons revisited
Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH
Human Chromosome Translocations and Cancer
Proto-oncogenes to Oncogenes to Cancer
The consequences of recurring chromosome translocations
transposable element
A distal enhancer and an ultraconserved exon are derived from a novel retroposon.
Functions and Utility of <i>Alu</i> Jumping Genes
The SINE transposable element upstream of the ISL1 gene serves to enhance gene expression
Transposons, or Jumping Genes: Not Junk DNA?
trisomy
Birth Defects: Causes and Statistics
Somatic Mosaicism and Chromosomal Disorders
Trisomy 21 Causes Down Syndrome
tRNA
Each successive tRNA leaves behind an amino acid that links in sequence. The resulting chain of amino acids emerges from the top of the ribosome.
Maturation and architecture of tRNA
The polypeptide elongates as the process of tRNA docking and amino acid attachment is repeated.
To complete the initiation phase, the tRNA molecule that carries methionine recognizes the start codon and binds to it.
Transfer or tRNA with an amino acid attached
Transfer RNA
Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein
twin study
Behavioral Genomics
V
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variable number tandem repeats
Copy Number Variation and Genetic Disease
Tandem Repeats and Morphological Variation
virulence factor
Genetic Origins of Microbial Virulence
Genetics of the Influenza Virus
virus
Current Dengue Fever Research
Discovery of the Giant Mimivirus
Future Dengue Fever Treatments
Pandemic flu: from the front lines
The Origins of Viruses
W
TOP
wobble
The genetic code consists of 64 codons and the amino acids specified by these codons
X
TOP
X chromosome
Gene Action in the
X
-chromosome of the Mouse (
Mus musculus
L.)
Genetic Mechanisms of Sex Determination
Long-range
cis
effects of ectopic X-inactivation centres on a mouse autosome.
Sex Chromosomes in Mammals: X Inactivation
The Important X Chromosome
X Chromosome: X Inactivation
X inactivation
A Morphological Distinction between Neurones of the Male and Female, and the Behaviour of the Nucleolar Satellite during Accelerated Nucleoprotein Synthesis
Requirement for
Xist
in X chromosome inactivation
Sex Chromosomes in Mammals: X Inactivation
The X-inactivation center
X Chromosome: X Inactivation
Xist transcription in embryonic stem cells.
XX-XO system
Genetic Mechanisms of Sex Determination
XX-XY system
Genetic Mechanisms of Sex Determination
Y
TOP
yeast
Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing
Genetic basis of proteome variation in yeast.
L. H. Hartwell's Yeast: A Model Organism for Studying Somatic Mutations and Cancer
Recovering a Stalled Replication Fork
Replication Fork Stalling and the Fork Protection Complex
Yeast Fermentation and the Making of Beer and Wine
Z
TOP
ZZ-ZW system
Genetic Mechanisms of Sex Determination
Genetics
Gene Inheritance and Transmission
Gene Expression and Regulation
Nucleic Acid Structure and Function
Chromosomes and Cytogenetics
Evolutionary Genetics
Population and Quantitative Genetics
Genomics
Genes and Disease
Genetics and Society
Cell Biology
Cell Origins and Metabolism
Proteins and Gene Expression
Subcellular Compartments
Cell Communication
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Scientific Communication
Career Planning
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