Stereotype Threat--Can you recognize it?
I heard the term "stereotype threat" thrown around for years before I had a clue what it meant. Ilan Dar-Nimrod and Steven J Heine* presented an important short article on stereotype threat for women in mathematics. Their definition of stereotype threat was "a phenomenon in which the activation of a self-relevant stereotype leads people to show stereotype-consistent behavior, thus perpetuating the stereotypes." Basically, it's a complex power-of-suggestion rule: when someone suggests you are a certain way, even if you aren't it can makes you go ahead and behave as if you are that way.
Here is how they showed it. They tested women using a GRE-like mathematics test. Two similar sections of mathematics problems were separated by an essay about the gender gap in mathematics test scores. One essay attributed the gap to genetic differences (meaning it's fixed, unchangeable). Another essay said the gap was due to experiential learning (which can differ and be changed). The authors also used an essay which claimed there was no gap between the two genders' scores, and one in which no cause was discussed. All scores on part 2 (the part after the essay) were corrected for scores on part 1 (before the essay), to remove student achievement as a variable.
Women who read the essays attributing the discrepancy to genetics or not attributing it to any cause scored significantly (p = 0.02) worse on part 2 of the methematics test. The other two groups scored consistently higher on part 2. So, just telling the women that they might be genetically disposed to be worse than men at mathematics worked as a stereotype threat.
I know women science students for whom this analysis fits: they would be intimidated, they would internalize the bad message, they would fulfill it. I also think that there are women whose reaction would be the opposite. They would say, "I know this is wrong, and I'm going to prove it." Perhaps these are the Lise Meitners and the Marie Curies. Of course, we need more women in mathematics and science than the outright geniuses.
What do you think? Have you seen situations where women students seem to react as if they had felt a stereotype threat? Choose one of these and comment!
A. I have never seen any evidence of stereotype threat.
B. I believe it exists but have only rarely seen it.
C. I run into self-fulfilling negative views of women in science all the time.
D. I don't know if I am smart enough to answer your question.
*Ilan Dar-Nimrod and Seven J Heine, Exposure to Scientific Theories Affects Women's Performance. Science 314: 435 (2006).
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Great, Phoebe! I will post a track about AAUP report next week with a live link in it. Do come back and bend the discussion in any direction you find interesting!
cheers,
Laura
Hi, everybody.
I have taught about stereotype threat in my first-year seminar-lab microbiology course for biology & biochemistry majors. The students really seem to connect to an article by Steele from The Atlantic Monthly, 1999. I plan to keep teaching about it in my first- and second-year courses.
Bob Grossman and colleagues at Kalamazoo have developed a case/problem to teach about it: http://www.sciencecases.org/stereotype_threat/case4.asp.
The recent AAUW report on "why so few" women in the sciences includes a section on stereotype threat and why it is so important for teachers to know about it and at least try to avoid provoking it. http://www.aauw.org/learn/research/whysofew.cfm There are a few other main points in that report that I'd like to discuss here so I'm going to poke around and see if I can start a new line about the AAUW report.
Happy summer research to all of you!
Dear wimp,
I would consider going as a show of comaraderie, but I might not volunteer to steer the boat or jump in while going down the rapids if those things make you feel threatened. Personally, I don't think you need to be willing to take physical risks to be willing and able to take on big risks in doing science, i.e. being willing to challenge the paradigms. I know people sometimes say courage is courage and if you don't want to dangle from a rock wedge, you can't challenge scientific assumptions either, but I don't agree.
cheers,
Laura
Hi there! My boss wants us to go river rafting with him on some rapids on the Kern River. He goes skydiving too, and rock climbing in Yosemite, etc. I am not into these activities and yet I'm afraid he'll think badly of me if I won't go. Any advice?
Wimp
I think skydiving sounds like more fun that speaking in front of people. I've never been any good at it, and I flunked the only oral examination I had and had to retake it. I decided never to speak in public again if I could help it.
Skydiving eh? Helen, I don't know. I appreciate risk-taking in choosing scientific directions, but physical risk isn't my bag. I know lots of scientists who are into it, though.
Back in my postdoctoral years, I felt like public speaking was akin to skydiving, but only in the sense that I wouldn't do either one, ever, willingly. Only I kept having dreams of enjoying teaching classes. The dreams kept me thinking about academia. Once there, experience made it less and less threatening. I finally saw what the audience was getting as being more important than what I was feeling; that was a big step forward.
You bring up an interesting point Laura. I love public speaking now and the turning point was a discussion with another graduate student who I considered to be really good at. Over a beer he communicated how much he loved the adrenaline of having all eyes on him. Once I saw it that way and his comparison to skydiving...something we both enjoyed, it all turned around for me. Now I too love the energy of being in front of a crowd and having really smart people listening to what I have to say. I wish I could communicate to young women how much fun that thrill can be..
Wow, Helen, that's the kind of thing that makes you feel we women in science took two steps backwards from that talk, her own bad experience and the weak example of how a women would do. But she can't learn to speak in public without trying.
I know what you mean too, because one of my sophomores, who is quite brilliant, is so diffident I wish I could inject her with testo before she leads a discussion. I was just the same, way back when. What I imagined doing went away in the stress of having all eyes on me when it was my turn to lead a discussion. It's all just practice for women. Do men learn to do it without practice? It looks like it, sometimes.
cheers,
Laura
B. I do look for it at times and I do find it when I do, but I wouldn't say it is a chronic issue.
For example, at a conference I attended as a grad student, the only woman to speak got up and did an awful job. She had the "um" disease as I like to call it. The sad thing was a group of us women were talking with her before the talk and commenting on how common this feature was in women speakers and not in the men we saw. We felt bad when she got up and had such a rough time. You could see on the organizers faces that they would not be taking a chance on another woman anytime in the near future, but hey "no pressure"!
D. just joking. sort of. so hard to be aware of one's own stereotype threat.
C
Lotsa women out there don't have any idea how good they really are, and suspect the worst. Guess who thinks they're better than they really are?
FBP
