Two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), and the M2 ion-channel protein are embedded in the viral envelope, which is derived from the host's plasma membrane. The ribonucleoprotein complex comprises a viral RNA segment associated with the nucleoprotein (NP) and three polymerase proteins (PA, PB1, and PB2). The matrix (M1) protein is associated with both ribonucleoprotein and the viral envelope. A small amount of non-structural protein 2 is also present, but its location within the virion is unknown.
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Periodically, the yearly flu transforms into a particularly virulent strain, like the Spanish flu that killed millions of people in 1918. How do these pandemic strains arise?
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