Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Review
  • Published:

Akt-regulated pathways in prostate cancer

Abstract

Prostate cancer remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality. Genetic clues to the molecular pathways driving the most aggressive forms of prostate cancer have been limited. Genetic inactivation of PTEN through either gene deletion or point mutation is reasonably common in metastatic prostate cancer and the resulting activation of phosphoinostide 3-kinase, AKT and mTOR provides a major therapeutic opportunity in this disease as mTOR inhibitors, HSP90 inhibitors and PI3K inhibitors begin to enter clinical development.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abate-Shen C, Banach-Petrosky WA, Sun X, Economides KD, Desai N, Gregg JP, Borowsky AD, Cardiff RD and Shen MM . (2003). Cancer Res., 63, 3886–3890.

  • Abraham RT . (2004). Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 279, 299–319.

  • Aoki M, Blazek E and Vogt PK . (2001). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 136–141.

  • Bachman KE, Argani P, Samuels Y, Silliman N, Ptak J, Szabo S, Konishi H, Karakas B, Blair BG, Lin C, Peters BA, Velculescu VE and Park BH . (2004). Cancer Biol. Ther., 3, 772–775.

  • Backman SA, Ghazarian D, So K, Sanchez O, Wagner KU, Hennighausen L, Suzuki A, Tsao MS, Chapman WB, Stambolic V and Mak TW . (2004). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 1725–1730.

  • Banerji U, O'Donnell A, Scurr M, Pacey S, Stapleton S, Asad Y, Simmons L, Maloney A, Raynaud F, Campbell M, Walton M, Lakhani S, Kaye S, Workman P and Judson I . (2005). J. Clin. Oncol., 23, 4152–4161.

  • Barnett SF, Defeo-Jones D, Fu S, Hancock PJ, Haskell KM, Jones RE, Kahana JA, Kral AM, Leander K, Lee LL, Malinowski J, McAvoy EM, Nahas DD, Robinson RG and Huber HE . (2005). Biochem. J., 385, 399–408.

  • Basso AD, Solit DB, Munster PN and Rosen N . (2002). Oncogene, 21, 1159–1166.

  • Broderick DK, Di C, Parrett TJ, Samuels YR, Cummins JM, McLendon RE, Fults DW, Velculescu VE, Bigner DD and Yan H . (2004). Cancer Res., 64, 5048–5050.

  • Brown EJ, Albers MW, Shin TB, Ichikawa K, Keith CT, Lane WS and Schreiber SL . (1994). Nature, 369, 756–758.

  • Brugarolas J, Lei K, Hurley RL, Manning BD, Reiling JH, Hafen E, Witters LA, Ellisen LW and Kaelin Jr WG . (2004). Genes Dev., 18, 2893–2904.

  • Brugarolas JB, Vazquez F, Reddy A, Sellers WR and Kaelin Jr WG . (2003). Cancer Cell., 4, 147–158.

  • Burtrum D, Zhu Z, Lu D, Anderson DM, Prewett M, Pereira DS, Bassi R, Abdullah R, Hooper AT, Koo H, Jimenez X, Johnson D, Apblett R, Kussie P, Bohlen P, Witte L, Hicklin DJ and Ludwig DL . (2003). Cancer Res., 63, 8912–8921.

  • Campbell IG, Russell SE, Choong DY, Montgomery KG, Ciavarella ML, Hooi CS, Cristiano BE, Pearson RB and Phillips WA . (2004). Cancer Res., 64, 7678–7681.

  • Cantley LC and Neel BG . (1999). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 4240–4245.

  • Casey G, Neville PJ, Plummer SJ, Xiang Y, Krumroy LM, Klein EA, Catalona WJ, Nupponen N, Carpten JD, Trent JM, Silverman RH and Witte JS . (2002). Nat. Genet., 32, 581–583.

  • Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Gann PH, Ma J, Wilkinson P, Hennekens CH and Pollak M . (1998). Science, 279, 563–566.

  • Cheng JQ, Godwin AK, Bellacosa A, Taguchi T, Franke TF, Hamilton TC, Tsichlis PN and Testa JR . (1992). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 9267–9271.

  • Cheng JQ, Ruggeri B, Klein WM, Sonoda G, Altomare DA, Watson DK and Testa JR . (1996). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 3636–3641.

  • Cheung KM, Matthews TP, James K, Rowlands MG, Boxall KJ, Sharp SY, Maloney A, Roe SM, Prodromou C, Pearl LH, Aherne GW, McDonald E and Workman P . (2005). Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 15, 3338–3343.

  • Chiosis G, Lucas B, Huezo H, Solit D, Basso A and Rosen N . (2003). Curr. Cancer Drug Targets, 3, 371–376.

  • Chiu MI, Katz H and Berlin V . (1994). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 12574–12578.

  • Cohen BD, Baker DA, Soderstrom C, Tkalcevic G, Rossi AM, Miller PE, Tengowski MW, Wang F, Gualberto A, Beebe JS and Moyer JD . (2005). Clin. Cancer Res., 11, 2063–2073.

  • Coppola D, Ferber A, Miura M, Sell C, D'Ambrosio C, Rubin R and Baserga R . (1994). Mol. Cell Biol., 14, 4588–4595.

  • Dahia PL, Marsh DJ, Zheng Z, Zedenius J, Komminoth P, Frisk T, Wallin G, Parsons R, Longy M, Larsson C and Eng C . (1997). Cancer Res., 57, 4710–4713.

  • Di Cristofano A, De Acetis M, Koff A, Cordon-Cardo C and Pandolfi PP . (2001). Nat. Genet., 27, 222–224.

  • Di Cristofano A, Pesce B, Cordon-Cardo C and Pandolfi PP . (1998). Nat. Genet., 19, 348–355.

  • DiGiovanni J, Kiguchi K, Frijhoff A, Wilker E, Bol DK, Beltran L, Moats S, Ramirez A, Jorcano J and Conti C . (2000). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 3455–3460.

  • Dong JT, Sipe TW, Hyytinen ER, Li CL, Heise C, McClintock DE, Grant CD, Chung LW and Frierson Jr HF . (1998). Oncogene, 17, 1979–1982.

  • Downward J . (1998). Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 10, 262–267.

  • Eaton SR, Cody WL, Doherty AM, Holland DR, Panek RL, Lu GH, Dahring TK and Rose DR . (1998). J. Med. Chem., 41, 4329–4342.

  • Gao H, Ouyang X, Banach-Petrosky W, Borowsky AD, Lin Y, Kim M, Lee H, Shih WJ, Cardiff RD, Shen MM and Abate-Shen C . (2004). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 17204–17209.

  • Garcia-Echeverria C, Pearson MA, Marti A, Meyer T, Mestan J, Zimmermann J, Gao J, Brueggen J, Capraro HG, Cozens R, Evans DB, Fabbro D, Furet P, Porta DG, Liebetanz J, Martiny-Baron G, Ruetz S and Hofmann F . (2004). Cancer Cell, 5, 231–239.

  • Garraway LA, Widlund HR, Rubin MA, Getz G, Berger AJ, Ramaswamy S, Beroukhim R, Milner DA, Granter SR, Du J, Lee C, Wagner SN, Li C, Golub TR, Rimm DL, Meyerson ML, Fisher DE and Sellers WR . (2005). Nature, 436, 117–122.

  • Gills JJ and Dennis PA . (2004). Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs, 13, 787–797.

  • Gray IC, Phillips SM, Lee SJ, Neoptolemos JP, Weissenbach J and Spurr NK . (1995). Cancer Res., 55, 4800–4803.

  • Gray IC, Stewart LM, Phillips SM, Hamilton JA, Gray NE, Watson GJ, Spurr NK and Snary D . (1998). Br. J. Cancer, 78, 1296–1300.

  • Gu Z, Thomas G, Yamashiro J, Shintaku IP, Dorey F, Raitano A, Witte ON, Said JW, Loda M and Reiter RE . (2000). Oncogene, 19, 1288–1296.

  • Guldberg P, thor Straten P, Birck A, Ahrenkiel V, Kirkin AF and Zeuthen J . (1997). Cancer Res., 57, 3660–3663.

  • Hahn WC, Dessain SK, Brooks MW, King JE, Elenbaas B, Sabatini DM, DeCaprio JA and Weinberg RA . (2002). Mol. Cell. Biol., 22, 2111–2123.

  • Hostein I, Robertson D, DiStefano F, Workman P and Clarke PA . (2001). Cancer Res., 61, 4003–4009.

  • Hsieh CL, Oakley-Girvan I, Balise RR, Halpern J, Gallagher RP, Wu AH, Kolonel LN, O'Brien LE, Lin IG, Van Den Berg DJ, Teh CZ, West DW and Whittemore AS . (2001). Am. J. Hum. Genet., 69, 148–158.

  • Hudson CC, Liu M, Chiang GG, Otterness DM, Loomis DC, Kaper F, Giaccia AJ and Abraham RT . (2002). Mol. Cell. Biol., 22, 7004–7014.

  • Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, Samuels A, Tiwari RC, Ghafoor A, Feuer EJ and Thun MJ . (2005). CA Cancer J. Clin., 55, 10–30.

  • Kau TR, Schroeder F, Ramaswamy S, Wojciechowski CL, Zhao JJ, Roberts TM, Clardy J, Sellers WR and Silver PA . (2003). Cancer Cell, 4, 463–476.

  • Komiya A, Suzuki H, Ueda T, Yatani R, Emi M, Ito H and Shimazaki J . (1996). Genes Chromosome Cancer, 17, 245–253.

  • Kreisberg JI, Malik SN, Prihoda TJ, Bedolla RG, Troyer DA, Kreisberg S and Ghosh PM . (2004). Cancer Res., 64, 5232–5236.

  • Lesche R, Groszer M, Gao J, Wang Y, Messing A, Sun H, Liu X and Wu H . (2002). Genesis, 32, 148–149.

  • Li DM and Sun H . (1997). Cancer Res., 57, 2124–2129.

  • Li J, Yen C, Liaw D, Podsypanina K, Bose S, Wang SI, Puc J, Miliaresis C, Rodgers L, McCombie R, Bigner SH, Giovanella BC, Ittmann M, Tycko B, Hibshoosh H, Wigler MH and Parsons R . (1997). Science, 275, 1943–1947.

  • Liao Y, Grobholz R, Abel U, Trojan L, Michel MS, Angel P and Mayer D . (2003). Int. J. Cancer, 107, 676–680.

  • Liaw D, Marsh DJ, Li J, Dahia PL, Wang SI, Zheng Z, Bose S, Call KM, Tsou HC, Peacocke M, Eng C and Parsons R . (1997). Nat. Genet., 16, 64–67.

  • Lindsley CW, Zhao Z, Leister WH, Robinson RG, Barnett SF, Defeo-Jones D, Jones RE, Hartman GD, Huff JR, Huber HE and Duggan ME . (2005). Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 15, 761–764.

  • Liu W, James CD, Frederick L, Alderete BE and Jenkins RB . (1997). Cancer Res., 57, 5254–5257.

  • Luo J, Sobkiw CL, Logsdon NM, Watt JM, Signoretti S, O'Connell F, Shin E, Shim Y, Pao L, Neel BG, Depinho RA, Loda M and Cantley LC . (2005a). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 10238–10243.

  • Luo Y, Shoemaker AR, Liu X, Woods KW, Thomas SA, de Jong R, Han EK, Li T, Stoll VS, Powlas JA, Oleksijew A, Mitten MJ, Shi Y, Guan R, McGonigal TP, Klinghofer V, Johnson EF, Leverson JD, Bouska JJ, Mamo M, Smith RA, Gramling-Evans EE, Zinker BA, Mika AK, Nguyen PT, Oltersdorf T, Rosenberg SH, Li Q and Giranda VL . (2005b). Mol. Cancer Ther., 4, 977–986.

  • Lynch ED, Ostermeyer EA, Lee MK, Arena JF, Ji H, Dann J, Swisshelm K, Suchard D, MacLeod PM, Kvinnsland S, Gjertsen BT, Heimdal K, Lubs H, Moller P and King MC . (1997). Am. J. Hum. Genet., 61, 1254–1260.

  • Ma L, Teruya-Feldstein J, Behrendt N, Chen Z, Noda T, Hino O, Cordon-Cardo C and Pandolfi PP . (2005a). Genes Dev, 19, 1779–1786.

  • Ma X, Ziel-van der Made AC, Autar B, van der Korput HA, Vermeij M, van Duijn P, Cleutjens KB, de Krijger R, Krimpenfort P, Berns A, van der Kwast TH and Trapman J . (2005b). Cancer Res., 65, 5730–5739.

  • Maehama T and Dixon JE . (1998). J. Biol. Chem., 273, 13375–13378.

  • Majumder PK, Febbo PG, Bikoff R, Berger R, Xue Q, McMahon LM, Manola J, Brugarolas J, McDonnell TJ, Golub TR, Loda M, Lane HA and Sellers WR . (2004). Nat. Med., 10, 594–601.

  • Majumder PK, Yeh JJ, George DJ, Febbo PG, Kum J, Xue Q, Bikoff R, Ma H, Kantoff PW, Golub TR, Loda M and Sellers WR . (2003). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 7841–7846.

  • Malik SN, Brattain M, Ghosh PM, Troyer DA, Prihoda T, Bedolla R and Kreisberg JI . (2002). Clin. Cancer Res., 8, 1168–1171.

  • Maloney EK, McLaughlin JL, Dagdigian NE, Garrett LM, Connors KM, Zhou XM, Blattler WA, Chittenden T and Singh R . (2003). Cancer Res., 63, 5073–5083.

  • Marsh DJ, Dahia PL, Zheng Z, Liaw D, Parsons R, Gorlin RJ and Eng C . (1997a). Nat. Genet., 16, 333–334.

  • Marsh DJ, Zheng Z, Zedenius J, Kremer H, Padberg GW, Larsson C, Longy M and Eng C . (1997b). Cancer Res., 57, 500–503.

  • McMenamin ME, Soung P, Perera S, Kaplan I, Loda M and Sellers WR . (1999). Cancer Res., 59, 4291–4296.

  • McSheehy PM, Allegrini PR, Ametamey S, Becquet M, Honer M, Schubiger PA, Lane HA and O'Reilly T . (2005). Soc. Nuc. Med., Abstracts.

  • Meuillet EJ, Ihle N, Baker AF, Gard JM, Stamper C, Williams R, Coon A, Mahadevan D, George BL, Kirkpatrick L and Powis G . (2004). Oncol. Res., 14, 513–527.

  • Mitsiades CS, Mitsiades NS, McMullan CJ, Poulaki V, Shringarpure R, Akiyama M, Hideshima T, Chauhan D, Joseph M, Libermann TA, Garcia-Echeverria C, Pearson MA, Hofmann F, Anderson KC and Kung AL . (2004). Cancer Cell, 5, 221–230.

  • Miwa W, Yasuda J, Murakami Y, Yashima K, Sugano K, Sekine T, Kono A, Egawa S, Yamaguchi K, Hayashizaki Y and Sekiya T . (1996). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 225, 968–974.

  • Myers MP, Pass I, Batty IH, Van der Kaay J, Stolarov JP, Hemmings BA, Wigler MH, Downes CP and Tonks NK . (1998). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 13513–13518.

  • Myers MP, Stolarov JP, Eng C, Li J, Wang SI, Wigler MH, Parsons R and Tonks NK . (1997). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 9052–9057.

  • Nakamura N, Ramaswamy S, Vazquez F, Signoretti S, Loda M and Sellers W . (2000). Mol. Cell. Biol., 20, 8969–8982.

  • Nelen MR, van Staveren WC, Peeters EA, Hassel MB, Gorlin RJ, Hamm H, Lindboe CF, Fryns JP, Sijmons RH, Woods DG, Mariman EC, Padberg GW and Kremer H . (1997). Hum. Mol. Genet., 6, 1383–1387.

  • Neshat MS, Mellinghoff IK, Tran C, Stiles B, Thomas G, Petersen R, Frost P, Gibbons JJ, Wu H and Sawyers CL . (2001). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 10314–10319.

  • Peterson RT, Desai BN, Hardwick JS and Schreiber SL . (1999). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 4438–4442.

  • Podsypanina K, Ellenson LH, Nemes A, Gu J, Tamura M, Yamada KM, Cordon-Cardo C, Catoretti G, Fisher PE and Parsons R . (1999). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 1563–1568.

  • Podsypanina K, Lee RT, Politis C, Hennessy I, Crane A, Puc J, Neshat M, Wang H, Yang L, Gibbons J, Frost P, Dreisbach V, Blenis J, Gaciong Z, Fisher P, Sawyers C, Hedrick-Ellenson L and Parsons R . (2001). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 10320–10325.

  • Ramaswamy S, Nakamura N, Vazquez F, Batt DB, Perera S, Roberts TM and Sellers WR . (1999). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 2110–2115.

  • Rasheed BK, Stenzel TT, McLendon RE, Parsons R, Friedman AH, Friedman HS, Bigner DD and Bigner SH . (1997). Cancer Res., 57, 4187–4190.

  • Reiter RE, Gu Z, Watabe T, Thomas G, Szigeti K, Davis E, Wahl M, Nisitani S, Yamashiro J, Le Beau MM, Loda M and Witte ON . (1998). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 1735–1740.

  • Rennert H, Bercovich D, Hubert A, Abeliovich D, Rozovsky U, Bar-Shira A, Soloviov S, Schreiber L, Matzkin H, Rennert G, Kadouri L, Peretz T, Yaron Y and Orr-Urtreger A . (2002). Am. J. Hum. Genet., 71, 981–984.

  • Risinger JI, Hayes AK, Berchuck A and Barrett JC . (1997). Cancer Res., 57, 4736–4738.

  • Rokman A, Ikonen T, Seppala EH, Nupponen N, Autio V, Mononen N, Bailey-Wilson J, Trent J, Carpten J, Matikainen MP, Koivisto PA, Tammela TL, Kallioniemi OP and Schleutker J . (2002). Am. J. Hum. Genet., 70, 1299–1304.

  • Ruan W, Powell-Braxton L, Kopchick JJ and Kleinberg DL . (1999). Endocrinology, 140, 1984–1989.

  • Ruggeri BA, Huang L, Wood M, Cheng JQ and Testa JR . (1998). Mol. Carcinog., 21, 81–86.

  • Ruggero D and Pandolfi PP . (2003). Nat. Rev. Cancer, 3, 179–192.

  • Sabatini DM, Erdjument-Bromage H, Lui M, Tempst P and Snyder SH . (1994). Cell, 78, 35–43.

  • Samuels Y, Wang Z, Bardelli A, Silliman N, Ptak J, Szabo S, Yan H, Gazdar A, Powell SM, Riggins GJ, Willson JK, Markowitz S, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B and Velculescu VE . (2004). Science, 304, 554.

  • Sato S, Fujita N and Tsuruo T . (2000). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 10832–10837.

  • Schmelzle T and Hall MN . (2000). Cell, 103, 253–262.

  • Scotlandi K, Manara MC, Nicoletti G, Lollini PL, Lukas S, Benini S, Croci S, Perdichizzi S, Zambelli D, Serra M, Garcia-Echeverria C, Hofmann F and Picci P . (2005). Cancer Res., 65, 3868–3876.

  • Sellers WR and Sawyers CA . (2002). Prostate Cancer Principles and Practice Kantoff Pw (ed). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Semenza GL . (2003). Nat. Rev. Cancer, 3, 721–732.

  • Shayesteh L, Lu Y, Kuo WL, Baldocchi R, Godfrey T, Collins C, Pinkel D, Powell B, Mills GB and Gray JW . (1999). Nat. Genet., 21, 99–102.

  • Solit DB, Basso AD, Olshen AB, Scher HI and Rosen N . (2003). Cancer Res., 63, 2139–2144.

  • Staal SP . (1987). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 5034–5037.

  • Steck PA, Pershouse MA, Jasser SA, Yung WK, Lin H, Ligon AH, Langford LA, Baumgard ML, Hattier T, Davis T, Frye C, Hu R, Swedlund B, Teng DH and Tavtigian SV . (1997). Nat. Genet., 15, 356–362.

  • Stiles B, Gilman V, Khanzenzon N, Lesche R, Li A, Qiao R, Liu X and Wu H . (2002). Mol. Cell. Biol., 22, 3842–3851.

  • Sun M, Wang G, Paciga JE, Feldman RI, Yuan ZQ, Ma XL, Shelley SA, Jove R, Tsichlis PN, Nicosia SV and Cheng JQ . (2001). Am. J. Pathol., 159, 431–437.

  • Suzuki H, Freije D, Nusskern DR, Okami K, Cairns P, Sidransky D, Isaacs WB and Bova GS . (1998). Cancer Res., 58, 204–209.

  • Tabellini G, Tazzari PL, Bortul R, Billi AM, Conte R, Manzoli L, Cocco L and Martelli AM . (2004). Br. J. Haematol., 126, 574–582.

  • Tashiro H, Blazes MS, Wu R, Cho KR, Bose S, Wang SI, Li J, Parsons R and Ellenson LH . (1997). Cancer Res., 57, 3935–3940.

  • Thimmaiah KN, Easton JB, Germain GS, Morton CL, Kamath S, Buolamwini JK and Houghton PJ . (2005). J. Biol. Chem., 11 July [E-pub ahead of print].

  • Thompson FH, Nelson MA, Trent JM, Guan XY, Liu Y, Yang JM, Emerson J, Adair L, Wymer J, Balfour C, Massey K, Weinstein R, Alberts DS and Taetle R . (1996). Cancer Genet. Cytogenet., 87, 55–62.

  • Treins C, Giorgetti-Peraldi S, Murdaca J, Semenza GL and Van Obberghen E . (2002). J. Biol. Chem., 277, 27975–27981.

  • Trotman LC, Niki M, Dotan ZA, Koutcher JA, Di Cristofano A, Xiao A, Khoo AS, Roy-Burman P, Greenberg NM, Van Dyke T, Cordon-Cardo C and Pandolfi PP . (2003). PLoS Biol., 1, E59.

  • Tsao H, Zhang X, Benoit E and Haluska FG . (1998). Oncogene, 16, 3397–3402.

  • Van de Sande T, Roskams T, Lerut E, Joniau S, Van Poppel H, Verhoeven G and Swinnen JV . (2005). J. Pathol., 206, 214–219.

  • Vlietstra RJ, van Alewijk DC, Hermans KG, van Steenbrugge GJ and Trapman J . (1998). Cancer Res., 58, 2720–2723.

  • Wang S, Gao J, Lei Q, Rozengurt N, Pritchard C, Jiao J, Thomas GV, Li G, Roy-Burman P, Nelson PS, Liu X and Wu H . (2003). Cancer Cell, 4, 209–221.

  • Wang SI, Parsons R and Ittmann M . (1998). Clin. Cancer Res., 4, 811–815.

  • Wang SI, Puc J, Li J, Bruce JN, Cairns P, Sidransky D and Parsons R . (1997). Cancer Res., 57, 4183–4186.

  • Ward S, Sotsios Y, Dowden J, Bruce I and Finan P . (2003). Chem. Biol., 10, 207–213.

  • Warshamana-Greene GS, Litz J, Buchdunger E, Garcia-Echeverria C, Hofmann F and Krystal GW . (2005). Clin. Cancer Res., 11, 1563–1571.

  • Wolk A, Mantzoros CS, Andersson SO, Bergstrom R, Signorello LB, Lagiou P, Adami HO and Trichopoulos D . (1998). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 90, 911–915.

  • Workman P . (2004). Biochem. Soc. Trans., 32, 393–396.

  • Xu J, Zheng SL, Carpten JD, Nupponen NN, Robbins CM, Mestre J, Moses TY, Faith DA, Kelly BD, Isaacs SD, Wiley KE, Ewing CM, Bujnovszky P, Chang B, Bailey-Wilson J, Bleecker ER, Walsh PC, Trent JM, Meyers DA and Isaacs WB . (2001). Am. J. Hum. Genet., 68, 901–911.

  • Xu J, Zheng SL, Komiya A, Mychaleckyj JC, Isaacs SD, Hu JJ, Sterling D, Lange EM, Hawkins GA, Turner A, Ewing CM, Faith DA, Johnson JR, Suzuki H, Bujnovszky P, Wiley KE, DeMarzo AM, Bova GS, Chang B, Hall MC, McCullough DL, Partin AW, Kassabian VS, Carpten JD, Bailey-Wilson JE, Trent JM, Ohar J, Bleecker ER, Walsh PC, Isaacs WB and Meyers DA . (2002). Nat. Genet., 32, 321–325.

  • You MJ, Castrillon DH, Bastian BC, O'Hagan RC, Bosenberg MW, Parsons R, Chin L and DePinho RA . (2002). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 1455–1460.

  • Zhong H, Chiles K, Feldser D, Laughner E, Hanrahan C, Georgescu MM, Simons JW and Semenza GL . (2000). Cancer Res., 60, 1541–1545.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to William R Sellers.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Majumder, P., Sellers, W. Akt-regulated pathways in prostate cancer. Oncogene 24, 7465–7474 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1209096

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1209096

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Quick links