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Recent advances have been exciting in the genomics of and targeted therapeutics for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). New agents have been approved for advanced RCC, a novel agent targeting hypoxia-inducible factor 2α has shown considerable promise and molecular characterization of papillary RCC provides the foundation for development of targeted therapeutic approaches for this disease.
In 2016, immunohistochemical evidence revealed major differences in the inflammatory characteristics of Hunner and non-Hunner interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). Evidence has also emerged that an isomer of testosterone, etio-S, might be a urinary biomarker of IC/BPS. Intravesical botulinum toxin injections became a standard treatment of IC/BPS. Furthermore, the International Continence Society has published a new Standard for Terminology for Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndromes.
In 2015, the approval of flibanserin opened a debate about diagnosis and treatment of female sexual dysfunction. Designing clinical trials with suitable end points is difficult, but some studies indicate correlations between hormone levels and low desire. New research demonstrates opportunities for a better understanding of this multifaceted condition.
