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There are a number of factors that can influence a person's risk of developing cancer. In this review focussing on transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, Erika Wolff and colleagues discuss the genes and molecular pathways implicated in the development of bladder cancer. Models for both the mechanisms behind bladder carcinogenesis and its progression are presented.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is commonly associated with a number of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), the type and severity of which vary with regard to the gender of the patient and the severity of their MS. In their article, Vinay Kalsi and Clare Fowler review the neurologic control of bladder function and the different treatments available to patients with MS who experience LUTS. Unlicensed and possible future treatments are also discussed.
Statistical analysis is an essential part of clinical practice, since the very concept of evidence-based medicine hinges on sound interpretation of clinical data. Using the Scandinavian prostatectomy versus watchful waiting study as a practical example, Andrew Vickers presents two common errors: accepting the null hypothesis and misinterpreting the lower statistical power of overall versus cancer-specific survival, and warns of the dangers of forgetting these basic principles.