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In this Perspective, the authors provide an overview of the roles of three genes, PBRM1, SETD2 and BAP1, which are commonly lost with chromosome 3p deletion in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). The authors discuss the implication of these genes in cancer-related pathways and how an improved understanding of these mechanisms might help to develop potential new therapies in ccRCC.
Across health care, clinicians are increasingly using patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) to give a voice to patients and to help standardize the assessment of patients for comparison purposes. With this increasing use, the limitations of these PROMs should not be underestimated within the diverse population that we treat.
Altered lipid metabolism is a visually obvious, distinguishing feature of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. In this Perspective the authors describe the molecular mechanisms driving fatty acid accumulation and discuss potential therapeutic targets in this disease.
The unfolded protein response has an important role in prostate cancer tumorigenesis. Here, the authors discuss its involvement in prostate cancer development and progression, interactions with androgen receptor signalling, and the therapeutic implications for the treatment of metastatic disease.
In this Review, the authors analyse all the steps of the multiparametric MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnostic pathway, focusing on quality assurance systems to minimize variation in performance and discussing quality control measures to assess and mitigate poor quality throughout the process.
Evidence has suggested that the intestinal microbiome might have a role in maintaining oxalate homeostasis and kidney stone disease and that the urinary microbiome might also influence the induction of crystal formation and stone growth directly in the kidney. In this Review, the authors discuss the mechanisms by which these microbial populations contribute to stone disease and how they might be therapeutically targeted.
An association between infertility and poor somatic health exists, and infertility could be used as an indicator of a future pathological condition. However, the bidirectional relationship between infertility and poor health needs to be elucidated. In this Perspective, the authors discuss current advances and gaps in this area, focusing on lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage as potential molecular links between infertility and somatic health.
Although gynaecology is a specialty responsible for women’s health, the field was historically male-dominated and its science remains biased towards male perceptions of women’s health. In light of the changing social climate in our society and the changing gender composition of the specialty, a number of steps can be taken to make gynaecology more women-centred.
Lower urinary tract disorders (LUTDs) are common in the elderly, owing to age-related dysfunction of the lower urinary tract (LUT). An endogenous inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase, 8-aminoguanine, has been shown to reverse the effects of ageing on LUT biochemistry, structure and function, offering a novel potential treatment for LUTDs.
Transition from child-centred to adult-centred care is a crucial step for patients with a congenital urological disease. The aims are clear: preserving kidney function, continence, sexuality and fertility. No universal model for this process has been defined, but, while research continues, attention to individual patient’s needs will ensure the best results.
The treatment landscape of renal cell carcinoma is rapidly evolving, especially with the introduction and approval of immune checkpoint inhibitor combination therapies. Clinical trial data show substantial improvements in patient outcomes, and now results in the real-world setting support the use of these combinations.
Genetics has a role in predisposition towards prostate cancer, and an accurate prediction of prostate cancer risk can be made using polygenic risk scores. New evidence suggests that this risk is modifiable through lifestyle changes, but only in men at a high genetic risk of developing prostate cancer.