In this Review, the authors describe the evolution of vaginoplasty including surgical techniques, complications, and clinical and patient-reported outcomes and consider current controversies in techniques and areas for improvement.

Here, the authors explore how environmentally driven changes in the sperm epigenome can mediate paternal contributions to offspring health. They also describe innovations in human stem cell models that can be used to elucidate the paternal origins of health and disease.

Health-related quality of life can be affected by muscle-invasive bladder cancer treatment and should be assessed all the way through patient’s care. In this Review, the authors summarize available data on patient health-related quality of life after curative local treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, also considering the effect of different surgical procedures or urinary diversion methods on patient quality of life.

Since its inception in 1922, prostate biopsy has undergone considerable changes in both technique and indication. In this Perspective, the authors describe the history of prostate biopsy and consider the role of imaging in prostate biopsy, now and in the future.