In this Review, Nolla and colleagues discuss the use of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) to assess health-related quality of life in six immunotherapy versus sunitinib clinical trials for advanced renal cell carcinoma and, following this discussion, make recommendations for future PROM use in clinical trials.

The cellular action of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 global pandemic, is dependent on a specific combination of receptors and cofactors. These proteins are now known to be expressed in normal kidney tubule tissue and renal cell carcinoma cells, representing possible targets for budding therapeutic modalities.

In this Perspective, current evidence to support de-escalation strategies of attenuated chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery for stage II seminoma to minimize the toxic effects of treatment is described and new potential de-escalation strategies are discussed.

In this Review, current vaccine-based approaches to treat prostate cancer are described. The authors discuss results from clinical trials in which overall vaccine safety and biological activity were shown, albeit with modest clinical activity, suggesting that the future of these approaches will be as part of combination therapies with agents targeting tumour-associated immune mechanisms of resistance.