In this Review, the authors summarize current advances in our understanding of the roles of stroma and associated extracellular matrix during bladder cancer development, describing the bladder tumour microenvironment and introducing the concept of the metastatic tumour microenvironment.

Hyperactivation of innate immunity is a disease determinant in urinary tract infections (UTIs). Modulation of innate immunity has promise as a therapy for UTIs. In this Review, the authors discuss potential mechanisms and immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies in UTIs.

The three-piece inflatable penile prosthesis offers an excellent treatment option for some men with erectile dysfunction, but implant surgery is not without surgical risks and can carry additional cosmetic and psychosocial consequences in poorly selected and consented individuals. In this Consensus Statement, an international group of key opinion leaders and high-volume prosthetic surgeons review the current guidelines and clinical evidence and present their expert consensus regarding patient selection, technique and complications of inflatable penile prosthesis surgery.

The BIONIKK trial is the first prospective biomarker-driven randomized trial in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. This trial demonstrates the feasibility of using a transcriptomic biomarker that reflects intrinsic disease biology to optimize treatment efficacy and shows that all patients might not require combination treatment.