Among the limited quality and quantity of evidence on vaccination use in individuals with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases, a new guideline, developed with a rigorous methodology, provides useful support to clinicians and patients in making health-related decisions. Most recommendations are conditional, serving as a call to action for further research.

Osteoarthritis has many appearances and can stabilize or progress aggressively. However, there is not yet an aetiological classification of osteoarthritis subtypes. Can in silico approaches, despite difficulties in validation, help with the identification of experimentally challenging subtypes? And if they can, will these approaches translate to clinical benefits?

The involvement of citrulline-specific CD4⁺ T cells in anti-citrulline protein antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is well described, whereas less attention has been given to CD8⁺ T cells. New data suggest that CD8⁺ T cells also contribute to citrulline-specific immune responses in RA.

This Review summarizes the genetic and epigenetic basis of primary Sjögren syndrome, including genetic interactions with factors such as sex and environment. Understanding these processes provides insight into the molecular basis of this disease and might reveal new treatment targets.