Individuals who are transgender or nonbinary experience a higher prevalence of certain mental health concerns. In this Review, Tebbe and Budge discuss these disparities along with factors that protect these individuals from negative outcomes and promote well-being.

In this Perspective, Lindquist et al. suggest that emotions are underpinned by neural mechanisms linked to physiological and action regulation, but discrete emotion categories are cultural artefacts that evolved through social transmission.

In this Review, Jost et al. provide a conceptual framework that integrates scientific knowledge about cognitive-motivational mechanisms that influence political polarization and the social-communicative contexts in which they are enacted.

In this Review, Carpenter et al. summarize the literature on spaced learning and retrieval practice strategies, and describe how metacognition guides strategy use in realistic learning situations.

In this Review, Wamsley describes the beneficial effect that periods of offline waking rest have on memory, contrasting this benefit and its underlying mechanisms with the effect of sleep.

In this Review, Gagné et al. describe how self-determination theory can help researchers and practitioners shape the future of work to ensure it meets workers’ psychological needs.

In this Perspective, Fried et al. argue that limited progress in understanding, predicting, and treating depression despite a wealth of empirical research stems from issues in the methodological and theoretical foundations of depression measurement.

Subjective time perception involves processing when an event happens versus how long an event lasts. In this Review, Coull and Giersch describe the functional and neural differences between temporal order processing and duration estimation by exploring perturbations in individuals with schizophrenia. See Coull & Giersch

The patient-therapist alliance is the most consistent predictor of treatment outcome in psychotherapy. In this Review, Zilcha-Mano and Fisher synthesize the literature that distinguishes between state-like strengthening of alliance throughout treatment and trait-like differences between individuals in alliance strength to elucidate when and why alliance predicts treatment outcome. See Zilcha-Mano & Fisher

Different languages use distinct writing systems, including the alphabetic system used for English, syllabic system for Korean, and logographic system for Chinese. In this Review, Li and colleagues discuss similarities and differences among writing systems and consider the consequences for universal cognitive mechanisms for reading. See Li et al.

Hearing voices has long been associated with severe mental illness, but also occurs in the general population. This Review describes the cognitive, neural, personal, and sociocultural processes that contribute to voice-hearing in clinical, non-clinical, and everyday experience, with an emphasis on linking mechanism to phenomenology. See Toh et al.

Psychology is a massive and diverse field, and subfields of psychology often bear more resemblance to neighbouring fields than to each other. Yet psychology is united in its mission to understand the human mind and how it gives rise to human behaviour. See Editorial