Review Articles in 2021

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  • In this Review, the authors consider how current understanding of four genetic generalized epilepsy syndromes that commonly occur in adults challenges traditional concepts about these conditions and suggests that they are not distinct but sit on a neurobiological continuum.

    • Bernd J. Vorderwülbecke
    • Britta Wandschneider
    • Martin Holtkamp
    Review Article
  • In this Review, Nassan and Videnovic discuss the alterations to the circadian system that occur in neurodegenerative disorders and highlight future directions for research in the field, including opportunities for the development of circadian-based therapeutic interventions.

    • Malik Nassan
    • Aleksandar Videnovic
    Review Article
  • In this Review, Li-Huei Tsai and colleagues discuss the ongoing work towards the generation of more physiological in vitro models of Alzheimer disease (AD), with a particular focus on the modelling of AD-related changes to the blood–brain barrier, myelination, neuroinflammation and neuronal circuits.

    • Joel W. Blanchard
    • Matheus B. Victor
    • Li-Huei Tsai
    Review Article
  • The close connection between epileptic networks and the autonomic nervous system is illustrated by a range of autonomic manifestations during a seizure. This article reviews the spectrum and diagnostic value of these manifestations, focusing on presentations that could contribute to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.

    • Roland D. Thijs
    • Philippe Ryvlin
    • Rainer Surges
    Review Article
  • Clinical trials have led to the approval of new targeted therapies for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. In this Review, Pittock et al. discuss the pathophysiological rationale for these drugs, the methodology and outcomes of the trials, and their implications for clinical practice.

    • Sean J. Pittock
    • Anastasia Zekeridou
    • Brian G. Weinshenker
    Review Article
  • The prevalence of dementia in India is expected to increase. Here, the authors review the existing data on dementia in India, discuss areas for future research and highlight the importance of developing appropriate public health strategies to tackle the growing dementia burden.

    • Vijayalakshmi Ravindranath
    • Jonas S. Sundarakumar
    Review Article
  • In this Review, Koch-Henriksen and Magyari consider the evidence for changes in the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis, focusing on trends in the incidence of the disease over time and trends in the disease severity, and discuss the factors influencing these trends.

    • Nils Koch-Henriksen
    • Melinda Magyari
    Review Article
  • This Review offers a novel theoretical perspective on the neurobehavioural comorbidities of adult and childhood epilepsy, involving new analytical approaches, derivation of new taxonomies and consideration of the diverse forces that influence cognition and behaviour in individuals with epilepsy.

    • Bruce P. Hermann
    • Aaron F. Struck
    • Carrie R. McDonald
    Review Article
  • Reproductive hormones influence migraine in women but the basis of these effects is unknown. In this Review, the authors discuss what is known about sex hormones and their receptors in migraine-related areas of the CNS and the trigeminovascular pathway and propose a simple model to explain how hormones influence menstrual migraine.

    • Diana N. Krause
    • Karin Warfvinge
    • Lars Edvinsson
    Review Article
  • In this Review, Akinyemi and colleagues provide an overview of stroke in Africa, including epidemiology, risk factors, genetics and available stroke services. The authors also discuss the future of stroke care in Africa, highlighting the promise of biobanking and novel leadership initiatives.

    • Rufus O. Akinyemi
    • Bruce Ovbiagele
    • Mayowa O. Owolabi
    Review Article
  • The maternal immune activation (MIA) hypothesis proposes that inflammatory perturbations in utero can affect fetal neurodevelopment. This Review examines the emerging human evidence for an association between MIA and childhood neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Tourette syndrome.

    • Velda X. Han
    • Shrujna Patel
    • Russell C. Dale
    Review Article
  • Headaches and epilepsy frequently co-exist in the same individual, but the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this relationship are not yet clear. Here, the authors discuss the epidemiological and pathophysiological links between epilepsy and headache, and apply this knowledge to the clinical management of the two disorders.

    • Prisca R. Bauer
    • Else A. Tolner
    • Josemir W. Sander
    Review Article
  • MRI is an important tool in neuro-oncology but is still predominantly used in a qualitative manner. In this Review, Marion Smits discusses the development of MRI biomarkers for use in neuro-oncology and highlights the clinical potential of quantitative image analysis techniques.

    • Marion Smits
    Review Article
  • In this article, Kirton et al. discuss our growing knowledge of the developmental plasticity that occurs after perinatal stroke and highlight the promise of emerging therapies, including non-invasive brain stimulation, brain–computer interfaces and robotics, that aim to modulate that plasticity.

    • Adam Kirton
    • Megan J. Metzler
    • Helen L. Carlson
    Review Article
  • People with epilepsy have an elevated risk of dementia, and seizures have been detected in the early stages of Alzheimer disease. Here, the authors review evidence that amyloid-β forms part of a shared pathway between epilepsy and cognitive decline.

    • Michele Romoli
    • Arjune Sen
    • Cinzia Costa
    Review Article
  • In this Review, the authors discuss the roles of B cells in multiple sclerosis and consider the insights gained from the immunological effects of B cell-targeted therapies and autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation as well as the potential for these insights to improve our understanding.

    • Maria T. Cencioni
    • Miriam Mattoscio
    • Paolo A. Muraro
    Review Article