Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer disease. In this Review, the authors examine the potential of key molecules in the pathophysiology as biomarkers of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia and consider the challenges of clinical translation.

A new study indicates that African American people with multiple sclerosis have higher markers of humoral disease pathology than white people with multiple sclerosis. However, apparent differences in pathophysiology between ethnic groups cannot be fully interpreted without more comprehensive studies that examine the effects of social inequality on disease.

The incidence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension is rapidly rising in line with global obesity rates. This Review summarizes evidence suggesting that the condition is not idiopathic but is instead related to systemic metabolic and hormonal perturbations and should thus be considered a metabolic disease.

New guidelines for designing controlled clinical trials for idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) have been published. The design of such trials remains a challenge, as the heterogeneity of IIH necessitates different outcome measures for specific clinical presentations.

New research indicates that in a mouse model of Parkinson disease, α-synuclein is trafficked from the brain to the gut by CD11c-expressing macrophages.