Here, the authors discuss evidence for the involvement of the cerebellum in Parkinson disease. They cover the anatomical connections between the cerebellum and basal ganglia and how functional and connectivity alterations observed in the cerebellum of people with the disease relate to specific clinical symptoms.

A new study indicates that although men and women are equally likely to experience cognitive impairment after acute ischaemic stroke, there are sex differences in particular cognitive domains. Whether these differences are directly linked to biological sex is uncertain, as many factors, including age and pre-stroke factors, could contribute to cognitive outcomes.

The amyotrophic lateral sclerosis exposome is the lifetime accumulation of environmental exposures that increase disease risk and affect progression. This Review summarizes the literature that has sought to characterize aspects of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis exposome and considers potential mechanisms of exposure-induced toxicity.

The TRACK-TBI LONG study has shown that outcomes are highly variable in the 7 years after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although many patients remain stable, almost one-third experience declines in cognitive, psychiatric and functional state. These findings suggest that TBI is a chronic disease and that its management should change accordingly.

Researchers in China and South Korea have developed a rapid immunodot assay to detect aquaporin 4-targeting IgG autoantibodies in the serum of individuals with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

New research in a mouse model of Parkinson disease indicates that the cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol drives α-synuclein pathology.

Blood biomarkers of Alzheimer disease are influenced by sex and medical comorbidities but not by race, according new research.