The prominence of gastrointestinal dysfunction among the non-motor features of Parkinson disease (PD) indicates a close bidirectional link between the brain and the gut. This Review discusses the proposed roles of gut-related factors in PD development, progression and treatment responses, and as therapeutic targets.

The fifth edition of the WHO classification of CNS tumours was published in 2021. Here, Horbinski and colleagues summarize the main changes in this new edition and discuss how each change will affect post-surgical treatment, clinical trial enrolment and cooperative studies.

Neurological diseases cause a massive burden, which will increase as populations age. Rapid advances in our understanding of disease mechanisms must be translated into human benefits. We cannot stop once technologies have been developed, but must ensure that evidence and pipelines are in place for their implementation to reduce burden and inequalities.

Molecular pathways involved in early neurodegeneration in progressive multiple sclerosis have been identified with a novel tissue analysis technique.

Molecular pathways involved in early neurodegeneration in progressive multiple sclerosis have been identified with a novel tissue analysis technique.

Mild COVID-19 can have long-term effects on the brain via neuroinflammatory mechanisms, according to new research.

Low-resource settings lag behind the rest of the world in achieving good health, in part owing to poor translation of clinical evidence into practice. Focusing on neurological disorders — in particular, stroke — this Comment identifies barriers to translation at the individual, provider and health systems levels and proposes theory-driven mitigating solutions.

Effective translation of evidence from clinical trials into clinical practice requires the enrolment of diverse, representative trial populations. However, this diversity is still often lacking, with negative clinical implications for under-served groups. Changes are needed to research practices and the broader research landscape to correct this problem.

The past 5–10 years have seen rapid advances in digital sensors and imaging-based technologies for the diagnosis of neurological conditions. However, the majority of these technologies are in the early stages of development — now is the time to consider how we validate these tools and safely integrate them into clinical practice.

A growing number of clinical practice guidelines are being developed for neurological diseases, and they have the potential to benefit patients, clinicians, policymakers and payers. However, the effectiveness of these guidelines has not been evaluated, so we do not yet know whether they improve patient outcomes in a real-world setting.