Stiff-person syndrome is an autoimmune neuronal hyperexcitability disorder that causes limb stiffness, painful spasms and falls, and increased awareness of the disease is creating diagnostic and management challenges. In this Review, Dalakas provides an overview of the current clinical and mechanistic understanding of stiff-person syndrome and related disorders and discusses current and emerging therapeutic interventions.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease that is distinct from multiple sclerosis but shares some of its characteristics. This Expert Recommendation, based on a Magnetic Resonance Imaging in MS workshop, proposes a diagnostic algorithm for the differential diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease and multiple sclerosis, using serological, imaging and clinical features.

In recent years, we have seen a shift towards defining sporadic neurodegenerative diseases as a biological continuum. Here, we discuss the risks associated with this shift, emphasize the importance of maintaining a strong connection between disease definitions and subsequent clinical outcomes, and suggest clinicobiological frameworks to disentangle multiple discrete nosological entities.

A new study on dementia prevalence in Latin America has found a stronger effect of social determinants of health than ancestry effects specific to this region, highlighting the need for interventions involving lifestyle changes, healthcare access and education.

New research adds to growing evidence of altered tau phosphorylation in multiple sclerosis.

Antisense oligonucleotide treatment has therapeutic potential in a severe form of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, according to a new study.