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Multiple roles for microRNA-mediated regulation of mRNA translation in the nervous system have emerged in recent years. Dawson and colleagues discuss the mechanisms by which microRNAs might influence neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis and outline key questions for future research.
MicroRNAs are emerging as key modulators of post-transcriptional gene regulation in the synaptodendritic compartment. Here, Schratt reviews recent studies showing that neural activity controls microRNA transcription, subcellular localization, processing and function, and discusses the relevance of microRNAs for synapse development and plasticity.
In recent years, a role has been proposed for the neurotrophin receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Liliana Minichiello discusses the signalling pathways downstream of TrkB activation that might contribute to this function.
Evidence suggests that a time-limited window of plasticity exists following a stroke, during which most behavioural recovery occurs. Murphy and Corbett describe advances in our understanding of plasticity and recovery after stroke and highlight parallels with developmental plasticity.
Primary visual cortex (V1) is often used as a prime example of cortical plasticity both during development and in adulthood. In this provocative Review, Wandell and Smirnakis reassess the literature and discuss the evidence for and against plasticity in adult V1.
The orbitofrontal cortex has a role in flexible behaviour. schoenbaum and colleagues discuss recent data suggesting that it signals expected outcomes and propose that this role also explains how it can mediate flexible behaviour in the face of unexpected outcomes.
