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The encoding of salient events as memory traces involves the selective activation of specific neurons in the hippocampus and the inhibition of others, a process shown here to be regulated by GABAergic input from the nucleus incertus in the brainstem.
Ptgds-expressing neurons in the preoptic area of anterior hypothalamus detect increases in brain temperature and reduce core body temperature via increased production of prostaglandin D2.
The striatum is crucial for learning and decision-making. Cox and Witten provide an updated overview of the roles of different parts of the striatal circuit in learning and decision-making, showing how recent experiments support and contradict previous models.
Successful learning and decision-making require estimates of expected uncertainty and unexpected uncertainty. Soltani and Izquierdo define these concepts, describe proposed models of how they may be computed and discuss their neural substrates.
Studies that examine brain activity during real-time social interactions may advance our understanding of human social behaviour. Redcay and Schilbach describe progress in ‘second-person’ neuroscience and discuss the insights into the brain mechanisms of social behaviour that have been gained.
In this Opinion article, Martijn van den Heuvel and Olaf Sporns examine alterations in structural and functional brain connectivity across brain disorders. They propose a common landscape for such alterations that is based on principles of network organization.
Certain cellular functions in artificially reperfused pig brains can be restored and maintained several hours after initial loss of cerebral blood flow.
The short-term retention of working memory is accompanied by neural delay activity. Sreenivasan and D’Esposito describe how delay activity can be assessed, discuss where in the brain it occurs and why, and examine the possible mechanisms that underlie it.