An array of genetically encoded tools are now available to label and manipulate synapses in different experimental species. Kaang and colleagues provide an overview of these techniques, highlighting their advantages, disadvantages and utility for investigating synaptic function.

During their maturation, mammalian neurons lose the capacity to regrow their axons after an injury. Here, Hilton et al. explore the neuron maturation processes that limit axon regeneration, including changes in gene expression, cytoskeletal dynamics, and intracellular signalling and trafficking.

How the complex functionality of the human brain depends on its underlying white matter architecture is incompletely understood. In this Review, Fotiadis et al. synthesize the heterogeneous macroscale expression of normative structure–function coupling and then discuss how it is affected in neurological and psychiatric conditions.

How the brain routinely processes information from different sensory modalities during everyday tasks is not well understood. In this Perspective, Engel and Senkowski propose how oscillatory neural mechanisms operating at multiple timescales within and across brain networks can mediate such multisensory integration.

Philip Tovote describes the 1980 paper in which Michael Fanselow systematically investigated freezing as a defensive response in rodents

Activation of nociceptor neurons expressing TRPV1 downregulates gut regulatory T cells.

Most astrocytes in the mouse brain have a primary cilium that transduces local cues to drive distinct astrocytic transcriptomic programmes that determine regional astrocytic subtypes, and, in turn, shape local circuits and influence behaviour.

A study in humans reveals that the hippocampus encodes relevant task variables in abstract format during inferential reasoning, which enables the generalization needed for such complex cognition.

Study identifies 'predictive grid cells' in the rat entorhinal cortex that encode projected future locations.

Thyroid hormone induces cortical circuit plasticity to modulate exploratory behaviours in mice.