High-resolution maps of biological annotations in the brain are increasingly generated and shared. In this Review, Bazinet and colleagues discuss how brain connectomes can be enriched with biological annotations to address new questions about brain network organization.

In this Journal Club, Nathan Anthony Smith discusses a 2008 paper that documented a link between the noradrenergic modulatory network in the locus coeruleus and cortical astrocytes in vivo.

The prospects for applying dynamical systems theory in neuroscience are changing dramatically. In this Perspective, Durstewitz et al. discuss dynamical system reconstruction using recurrent neural networks to directly infer a formal surrogate from an experimentally probed system and consider its potential for revolutionizing neuroscience.

Song and speech may have distinct roles in human communication. Scott and colleagues describe the mechanisms underlying the production and perception of song and speech, evaluate the evidence for distinct song-processing mechanisms in the human brain, and consider the implications of such specialization.

Ongoing systemic and neurocognitive impairments that continue in a subset of individuals after infection with SARS-CoV-2 infection are found to be associated with reduced serotonin levels.

In mice, localized mutant APP expression in the CA3 hippocampal region leads to progressive network dysfunction and hippocampus-dependent memory deficits.

A new biotinylation-based approach identifies previously unknown cell surface proteins of the axonal initial segment (AIS) and shows a role for contactin-1 in assembly of the AIS extracellular matrix.

Federica De Lazzari describes Arvid Carlsson’s 1957 paper, which provided evidence for the importance of dopamine in brain function.

The organization and diversity of neuronal and glial primary cilia and their connectivity in the human cortex is characterized in detail.

Fluorescent indicators can provide quantitative insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of signalling molecules released by brain circuits. However, a mismatch between the experimental context and the experimental imaging settings often introduces unexpected errors and biases in such measurements. Appreciating this mismatch should help to arrive at unbiased estimates.