In this Review, Fishbein, Mahmud and Dantas discuss factors that influence restructuring of the gut microbiome on antibiotic exposure, and they explore promising therapeutic avenues aimed at minimizing antibiotic-induced damage to the microbiome or restoring the community structure post-treatment.

In this Review, Russell and colleagues explore the interplay between immunity evolution from previous infections or vaccination and the evolution of seasonal influenza viruses. They explore functional constraints that limit virus evolution, within-host evolutionary processes that drive new variants and options for influenza virus control, including improving vaccine and antiviral effectiveness by overcoming viral and immunological barriers.

In this Review, Lockhart, Chowdhary and Gold discuss the global emergence and spread of three emerging antifungal-resistant fungi: Candida auris, azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton indotineae, with the common thread that all three are currently emerging across the globe and have a high rate of acquired resistance.

This study reports a mechanism whereby a Staphylococcus aureus protease induces itch by activating a host receptor on sensory neurons in the skin.

In this study, Simonis et al. show that chronic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa leads to development of neutralizing antibodies that could be exploited to fight against this pathogen.

In this study, Wang et al. show that bacterium-derived intestinal ammonia modulates glutamine production in the mouse brain and reduces stress-induced depressive-like behaviour.

This study provides evidence for a role of Anopheles stephensi in driving urban malaria outbreaks.

This study reports the identification of an archaeal virus Acr protein that blocks the dissociation of the target RNA from the type III-B CRISPR–Cas effector complex, which prevents the recycling of the complex.

This Genome Watch highlights how a tailor-made search through bacterial genomes revealed the widespread presence of a new class of bacterial signalling peptides that lack conventional characteristics.