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Cells are highly complex structures, but where does this complexity come from? Self-organization principles combined with simple physical constraints seem to control organelle size, number, shape and position. These factors then combine to give rise to the overall cell architecture.
Nectins and nectin-like molecules (Necls) are transmembrane cell adhesion molecules that have recently been shown to have a variety of cellular functions. They have roles in cell–cell adhesion, differentiation, polarization and survival, as well as in contact inhibition of cell movement and proliferation.
ATR kinase and the related ATM kinase have overlapping but non-redundant functions in the DNA-damage response that maintains genome integrity. ATR signals to regulate DNA replication, cell-cycle transitions and DNA repair through the phosphorylation of various substrates.
The hypothesis that “tumor production is a possible overhealing” has recently been verified in several studies.In vivoanalysis of genes that are involved in tissue repair combined with gene-expression analysis in wounds and tumours have highlighted remarkable similarities between wound healing and cancer.
The ingestion of particles or cells by phagocytosis and of fluids by macropinocytosis requires cup-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane. Common signalling mechanisms and distinct signalling patterns characterize the different stages of the formation of phagocytic and macropinocytic cups.
The determination of the first three-dimensional structure of a protein 50 years ago initiated the field of protein folding research. Technological and experimental advances, which were sometimes met with initial scepticism, have led to our present understanding of protein folding.
Tumour-necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR1) and CD95 can transduce pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals, but what determines the specificity of signalling events? It is possible that the endosomal compartment functions as a signalling organelle that selectively transmits death signals from TNFR1 and CD95.
