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The entire skin of a young patient with junctional epidermolysis bullosa was successfuly regenerated using a combination ofex vivogene therapy and stem-cell replacement therapy, which is a major achievement in the translation of stem cell-based therapies to the clinic.
Tubulin in meiotic oocyte spindles is asymmetrically tyrosinated, and this spindle asymmetry can drive biased, non-Mendelian inheritance of chromosomes.
Heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) regulate heat shock proteins in conditions of thermal stress, but they also control gene expression in other stress conditions, as well as in other contexts, including the regulation of cell proliferation and energy metabolism. HSFs are misregulated in various diseases, such as cancer and neurodegeneration, which underlines their important physiological roles.
The uneven use of the synonymous amino acid codons in the transcriptome coupled with the relative concentrations of different tRNA species gives rise to non-uniform codon decoding rates by ribosomes, known as codon optimality. Codon optimality influences translation efficiency and fidelity, protein folding and mRNA decay.
Research over the past few decades has elucidated the biochemical mechanisms underlying insulin receptor signalling. Recent insights into the complexity of its temporal and tissue-specific regulation, which involves various combinations of signalling modules in different cell types, are shedding light on the pleiotropic effects of insulin action and the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
tRNAs exist as diverse species, including sequence isoforms and nuclease-generated fragments, which are further functionally diversified by base modifications and various protein interactions. Perhaps unsurprisingly, tRNAs are now being implicated in various cellular processes beyond protein synthesis per se, including in stress responses, proliferation, cell fate determination and tumorigenesis.
Ubiquitylation is a post-translational modification that modulates protein stability and regulates various cellular signalling pathways and cellular processes, including cell differentiation, proliferation and migration. Recent insights highlight its crucial role in development and how its deregulation is associated with several diseases.
