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The ubiquitylation of specific Lys residues of 40S ribosomal proteins is stimulated by the unfolded protein response to contribute to translational regulation.
The function of p53 as a tumour suppressor has been attributed to its ability to promote cell death or permanently inhibit cell proliferation. However, p53 can also contribute to cell survival by regulating various metabolic pathways to allow cells to adapt to mild metabolic stresses.
Recent studies in different species have increased our understanding of the factors and molecular mechanisms that underlie the specification of germ cells, which are the specialized cells that generate gametes. Moreover, studies are elucidating how these cells ensure that only germline-appropriate transcripts are translated to protect germ cell identity.
Recent studies have revealed that the RNase III enzymes Drosha and Dicer (including newly discovered Dicer isoforms) have non-canonical nuclear RNAi functions in various organisms. These include the regulation of transcription initiation and termination, and the processing of various RNA species.
Recent studies have shown that nuclear export of mRNAs, which is a crucial step in the regulation of gene expression, can be selective in mammalian cells. Selective transport involves transcription-export complexes TREX and TREX-2 and controls biological processes such as DNA repair, haematopoiesis, proliferation and maintenance of pluripotency.
William Earnshaw describes the events that led to the discovery and cloning of the first kinetochore proteins 30 years ago using autoimmune sera from patients with scleroderma-spectrum disease. He also discusses our current appreciation of the complexity of this remarkable structure.
