The generation of membrane curvature is essential for the formation of membrane tubules, sheets and vesicles, and hence, underlies membrane trafficking events. Various protein-based mechanisms function in membrane bending, and these appear to be organized in time and space by protein coats, including clathrin, caveolar coat complex, and COPI and COPII coats.

Stem cell function declines during ageing, resulting in the loss of tissue integrity and health deterioration. Ageing is associated with defects in the maintenance of stem cell quiescence and cell differentiation ability, clonal expansion and infiltration of immune cells in the niche. This Review discusses the mechanisms underlying ageing in stem cells and their niches, and potential rejuvenation strategies.

Mitochondrial respiratory function needs to adapt to the energetic demands of the cell. These adaptive responses encompass transcriptional, translational and post-translational mechanisms that together enable regulation of respiratory chain assembly and mitochondrial membrane remodelling to fine-tune energy generation in accordance with intracellular and extracellular cues.

Alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) generates mRNA isoforms with alternative 3′ untranslated regions; these isoforms modulate protein abundance and functionality, including through subcellular localization of mRNA and translation. APA is modulated by signalling pathways that control co-transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes, and its dysregulation affects cell responses to environmental changes.