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Failure of anticancer immune responses is often due to T cell dysfunction, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this are incompletely understood. Two papers in Nature now identify NR4A transcription factors as key drivers of T cell dysfunction.
Stefan Feske and colleagues show that calcium signalling in TH17 cells promotes a pathogenic phenotype by regulating mitochondrial function and the antioxidant response.
The ABC family member ABCF1 has E2 ubiquitin-conjugating activity and regulates Toll-like receptor signalling and macrophage polarization to protect against lethal septic shock.
Mala Maini describes a 1996 paper by Frank Chisari and colleagues that showed CD8+ T cells can exert potent antiviral efficacy against hepatitis B virus without lysing infected cells, through the production of antiviral cytokines.
This study describes a mechanism of tumour immune evasion through post-translational chemokine modification by dipeptidyl peptidase 4, which inhibits eosinophil-mediated antitumour responses.
Recent advances in systems immunology are beginning to elucidate the quantitative rules that govern cytokine-mediated cell-to-cell communication. This Review describes how combining theoretical analysis with experimental validation can lead to a better understanding of cytokine-mediated communication between cells of the immune system.
The existence of four different serotypes of dengue virus poses a challenge to vaccine development, as pre-existing immunity can lead to severe disease during infection with a heterologous serotype. This Review analyses the mechanisms of protective and pathological adaptive immune responses in primary and secondary dengue infection.
Double-strand breaks in DNA generated during the normal assembly and diversification of lymphocyte antigen receptor genes or by genotoxic agents during infection activate DNA damage responses. Besides repairing damaged DNA, these responses trigger important signalling events that regulate immune cell development and function.
Dietary salt can have direct effects on immune cell subsets as well as indirect effects through intestinal dysbiosis. We are beginning to appreciate that high salt diets not only are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease but also have marked effects on immune responses.
Emerging data indicate that neutrophils exist in several different ‘flavours’. Here, the authors outline potential underlying mechanisms for the presence of distinct neutrophil subsets in health and disease.
