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A preprint by Jerby-Arnon et al. uses a novel algorithm for scRNAseq data to describe a pan-cancer programme for dysfunctional tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes that predicts response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy.
Hyperactivation of the complement system has been implicated in the pathology of COVID-19. Here the authors bring together the latest information on the role of complement in COVID-19 and progress in targeting complement components for treatment of severe disease.
Although B cells represent only a minor cell population in the central nervous system (CNS), they can contribute to CNS pathology — most notably in multiple sclerosis — through antibody and effector molecule secretion and antigen presentation. Here, Jain and Yong discuss the roles of B cells in the CNS and examine the potential for targeting these cells in various neurological conditions.
The RNA helicase DDX17 is identified as the sensor for a non-canonical NLRC4–NLRP3 inflammasome activated by endogenous retrotransposons in sterile inflammation.
Here, Lipsitch and colleagues assess the impact of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections that occur in individuals who have been vaccinated against COVID-19. The authors explain how the rate of breakthrough infections can be measured, what the causes of these infections are and discuss other key questions that need to be considered in light of these infections.
In this Review, Brian Laidlaw and Ali Ellebedy outline our current understanding of the germinal centre response in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and its importance for establishing protective immunity against the virus. They also consider the germinal centre responses seen following vaccination and how germinal centre responses may be modulated to induce broad protection against new variants of SARS-CoV-2.
In this Perspective, Lok-Yin Roy Wong and Stanley Perlman consider how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and related coronaviruses are able to drive immune dysregulation and immunopathology. They provide an overview of the coronavirus-derived molecules that interfere with key innate immune responses, including interferon pathways and complement, NF-κB signalling and inflammasome activation, as well as with the activation of host adaptive immunity.
Current strategies for HIV-1 cure have not been successful in eliminating the latent reservoir. This Review highlights potential therapeutic strategies that engage the immunology of dendritic cells and natural killer cells in efforts to achieve HIV-1 cure.
Studying ageing at the single-cell level has provided insight into the changes that occur systemically and in tissues as we age. For example, we now have a greater appreciation of the heterogeneity and dynamic nature of immune cell ageing and of the impact of age-associated tissue remodelling on the immune system, together contributing to increased vulnerability to some diseases.
This study links the complement-mediated retraction of T helper 1 cell responses to vitamin D receptor signalling, an autoregulatory loop that might be impaired in patients with COVID-19.
A preprint by Sanin et al. establishes a transcriptional framework to define common macrophage activation states across tissues and biological conditions.
A preprint by Kersten et al. describes a positive-feedback loop promoting the mutual formation of tumour-associated macrophages and exhausted T cells as they move towards the tumour core.